Southern Women and Slavery

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Questions and Answers

Which assumption did James Redpath make concerning white southern women and their views on slavery?

  • They were shielded from the realities of slavery and, therefore, did not fully comprehend its cruelty. (correct)
  • They had a comprehensive understanding of the economic benefits of slavery and advocated for its expansion.
  • They were largely involved in clandestine operations that involved smuggling enslaved people to freedom.
  • They actively participated in abolitionist movements, demonstrating a clear opposition to slavery.

What does the narrative suggest about the actual knowledge and involvement of white southern women in the institution of slavery?

  • They actively participated in, profited from, and defended the brutal aspects of slavery, contrary to common assumptions. (correct)
  • They primarily focused on managing enslaved people within the household and had little awareness.
  • They were generally ignorant of the brutal aspects of slavery and played no significant role in its perpetuation.
  • They occasionally witnessed the violence of slavery but did not actively participate in or profit from it.

How did Martha Gibbs demonstrate her authority and involvement in managing her enslaved workforce?

  • She delegated all responsibilities to her husbands, trusting their judgment in managing enslaved people.
  • She hired an overseer and remained detached from direct involvement in the labor of enslaved people.
  • She avoided direct contact with enslaved people, preferring to manage operations from her home.
  • She armed herself daily and personally supervised the enslaved people, ensuring tasks were completed to her satisfaction. (correct)

What was significant about Martha Gibbs's reaction to her husband's concerns about her treatment of enslaved people?

<p>She dismissed his concerns and asserted her authority over the enslaved people, even suspecting him of being a sympathizer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Martha Gibbs take after the Civil War that demonstrated her continued commitment to the institution of slavery?

<p>She relocated with some of her former slaves to Texas, where she continued to exploit their labor for her own profit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have historians traditionally underrepresented the role of married slave-owning women in historical accounts?

<p>Because they assumed that married women lacked legal rights and agency in managing enslaved people and plantations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding slavery as a "relation of property", particularly in the context of women's involvement?

<p>It highlights the economic foundations of slavery and the active role women played in perpetuating it through their economic activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text challenge traditional views of women's roles in the 19th century, particularly in relation to financial dependence?

<p>By highlighting instances where white men were economically dependent on the women they married, due to the wealth they brought to the marriage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of slave-owning women being referred to as "mistresses of the market"?

<p>It highlights their active and powerful role in the economic activities related to slavery, challenging traditional notions of their subservience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do researchers face when relying on testimonies of formerly enslaved people, and how does the text address these concerns?

<p>There are valid concerns regarding memory, age at the time of enslavement, and interviewer bias, but the text argues that the testimonies remain valuable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption did James Redpath make about the knowledge of white southern women regarding the realities of slavery?

<p>They were deliberately shielded from the true horrors of the institution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of primary source has been underutilized or neglected by historians in understanding the role of married, slave-owning women?

<p>A combination of narrative sources, legal and financial documents, and military and government correspondence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general attitude of historians toward white, married, slave-owning women in the 19th century?

<p>Their legal status as wives prevented them from owning slaves in their own right. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevailing view of white Southern women within historiography, until more recently?

<p>Submissive figures confined to domestic roles and financially dependent on men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did white Southern women's involvement in the market contribute to the institution of slavery??

<p>Their economic investments, such as slave ownership, helped make it viable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding slavery as a 'relation of property' challenge previous assumptions about women's roles?

<p>It emphasizes the economic foundation of their involvement, challenging assumptions about their motivations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did some men in the antebellum South view marriage to women who owned slaves?

<p>As a way to gain financial independence and improve their economic standing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions did some married slave-owning women take to maintain control over their property rights within their marriages?

<p>Petitioning legal authorities to protect their assets and challenge their husbands' control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the financial acumen of white Southern women in the context of the slave market?

<p>They actively assessed market fluctuations, negotiated prices, and engaged in transactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might acknowledging women's economic investments in slavery impact broader understandings of American capitalism?

<p>Challenging simplistic narratives about the gendered nature of capitalism and slavery's profitability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor, besides indoctrination, contributed to white southern women's opposition to emancipation, according to James Redpath?

<p>The perception that slavery was morally justifiable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what areas of the slave system did slave-owning women actively participate?

<p>Profiting from, defending, and witnessing the brutal aspects of slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique element did Martha Gibbs introduce into her enslaved workers' worship space?

<p>Glass windows and a brass cupola. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does this suggest about male authority in slave-owning households headed by women like Gibbs?

<p>The woman maintained decision-making power, even over her husband. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the cessation of hostilities, what action did Martha Gibbs undertake that directly contradicted the new legal status of enslaved African Americans?

<p>She forcibly migrated enslaved people to Texas to continue extracting their labor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a common, yet ultimately misleading, focus within the historical narrative regarding women who owned slaves?

<p>Their roles as peripheral figures with limited authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying concept does the book intends to highlight in the context of women and slavery?

<p>The centrality of economic relations in understanding women's involvement in slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the book challenge traditional views on women's financial roles in the 19th century?

<p>By demonstrating instances where men were economically reliant on women due to enslaved inheritance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term referring to women in the slave economy does the book employ, diverging from conventional interpretations?

<p>&quot;Mistresses of the Market&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary source material provides key insights often excluded from conventional historical accounts of slave-owning women?

<p>Testimonies of formerly enslaved people gathered by the Federal Writers’ Project (FWP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic dependence of white men on their wives challenge societal norms in the 19th century?

<p>It subverted the conventional notion of male financial dominance, impacting marital dynamics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated slave-owning women to pursue legal action when their property rights were threatened?

<p>To protect their economic interests and maintain control over their assets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the book challenge traditional assumptions about gender roles and financial dependence in the context of 19th-century America?

<p>By highlighting instances where men were economically reliant on women, disrupting conventional power dynamics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the actions of white, slave-owning women impact traditional economic interpretations of American capitalism?

<p>They challenge conventional interpretations by revealing women's crucial economic roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did slave-owning women exercise their power through economic transactions related to slavery?

<p>They exerted control by engaging in the buying, selling, and management of enslaved individuals for profit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the narrative imply about the economic skill and knowledge of white women in the Southern slave economy?

<p>They were actively involved in studying the slave market and evaluating economic trends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to recognize the economic investments made by women in slavery?

<p>To develop a more complete and accurate understanding of American capitalism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did formerly enslaved people provide unique insights into the lives and actions of slave-owning women?

<p>They provided valuable perspectives on topics often omitted from historical accounts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mistress of the market' signify in the context of the book?

<p>A woman who actively participates in the slave market, displaying economic acumen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did women's ownership of enslaved people complicate the roles of men in slaveholding marriages?

<p>It enabled economic dependence, as well as financial independence for some women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal standing did married women need to invoke to maintain ownership of enslaved people as separate from their husbands under coverture laws?

<p>Explicit documentation establishing slaves as prenuptial property or inheritance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did a mistress's involvement in overseeing enslaved labor challenge prevailing gender norms in the antebellum South?

<p>It contested the notion of separate spheres, with women engaging in traditionally male roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond indoctrination, what other implicit reason underpinned Redpath's assumptions about white Southern women's stance on slavery?

<p>Their economic dependence on the slave system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the function of 'passes' or 'tickets' to social control in the lives of enslaved individuals?

<p>Guaranteeing safe passage and preventing unauthorized movement off plantations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would historians' understanding of American capitalism shift by acknowledging women's economic investments in slavery?

<p>It would challenge the idea of capitalism as solely a male domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What paradox arises from examining married women's ownership of slaves in the broader context of 19th-century American legal and economic structures?

<p>They had significant economic power despite limited legal rights due to coverture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was unconventional about Abigail Adams's advice to her son John Quincy Adams regarding marriage?

<p>She stressed the importance of financial security for men before marrying, challenging traditional gender roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic roles of white women in the slave market challenge Adam Smith's assertions regarding women's financial dependence in marriage?

<p>It illustrated instances where white men were financially dependent on their wives, contradicting Smith's claims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does characterizing women in the slave economy as 'mistresses of the market' challenge conventional interpretations of southern mistresses?

<p>It underscores their active participation and authority in economic transactions related to slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Southern historians are re-evaluating women’s positions in the 19th century. Which of the following statements would they disagree with today?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific aspect of slavery's impact on American capitalism does the book aim to reveal by focusing on women's economic roles?

<p>Previously unrecognized contributions to capital accumulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the book seek to reframe conventional understandings of 'mistress-ship' in the context of slavery?

<p>By emphasizing mistresses' direct role in governing and their capital control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal complexities did married slave-owning women face that men typically did not, in relation to property rights?

<p>Demands to take additional steps to ensure separate ownership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did some men in the antebellum South perceive marriage to women who owned slaves?

<p>As an opportunity to gain financial independence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In legal settings, how did some married women characterize their relationships with their husbands regarding property and finances?

<p>As creditors and financiers to their husbands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the book suggest about the traditional view of women's dependence and Adam Smith assertions in the market?

<p>That they need to be nuanced by women's economic roles in slavery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides indoctrination, what other factor might have influenced James Redpath's assumptions about white Southern women's views on slavery?

<p>An underestimation of economic motivations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does recognizing women's economic investment in slavery potentially change historians' understanding of American capitalism?

<p>By revealing previously hidden relationships involving gender, slavery, and finance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of acknowledging the voices and accounts of enslaved people in understanding the actions and motivations of slave-owning women?

<p>They provide insights that are difficult to find elsewhere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information presented, what would be the most accurate description of the book's central argument?

<p>An examination of how married women navigated property control to benefit from slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Economic Foundation of Slavery

White southern women's primary relationship to slavery was economic, based on property ownership and financial investment.

Mistresses of the Market

The term refers to women who owned enslaved persons, actively participated in the slave economy, and profited from it.

Marriage and Enslaved People

Married women sometimes increased their financial standing through enslaved people.

Legal Loopholes and Enslaved People

Laws often gave husbands control over their wives' property, but women found ways to maintain their own property rights.

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Records from Enslaved People

Formerly enslaved people provided some of the only records of women’s commercial involvement in slavery.

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Relationships and Capitalism

Southern women, enslaved people and the slaves provided much of the capital that grew American captitalism

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Documents studied

Narratives, legal and financial documents, and military and government correspondence

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James Redpath

Journalist who toured the antebellum South and wrote about white women's support for slavery.

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Martha Gibbs

Gibbs owned and operated a sawmill and owned many enslaved people, for whom she built housing and a church.

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Litt Young

Former slave of Gibbs, described her as a 'big, rich Irishwoman' who was not afraid of anyone and who actively managed her operations.

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Gibbs's Second Husband

He softly challenged Gibbs's brutal treatment of enslaved people, leading her to suspect him of being a Union sympathizer.

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Gibbs's Post-Emancipation Actions

The enslaved people Gibbs retained and used to establish a new plantation in Texas after emancipation.

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Scholars

They examined authority that enslaving women had over their slaves, often focusing on mandatory management/discipline of enslaved people.

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Adam Smith

Argued married women's financial dependency on husbands meant wives had to be faithful.

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Abigail Adams

She believed that the wealth made by wives meant that the male was not wholly financially dependent.

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Slavery and Capitalism

Slave plantations, not railroads, were America's first ‘big business’ showing the importance of slave labor.

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Property and Marriage

Wives often passed property to husbands through marriage; they increased control, even while circumventing certain restrictions.

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Mistress-ship

The term used to describe women’s control of subordinates–not mastery, but mistress-ship.

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WPA Interviews

Former slaves often recalled their owners' actions and motivations in accounts from the FWP interviews.

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Salient life events

Pivotal experiences such as marriages, births, deaths, brutal beatings, sexual assaults, or familial separations

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Redpath's Assumption

The belief that white southern women did not fully understand slavery due to limited exposure to its harsh realities.

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Gibbs's Texas Journey

They involved gathering up some of her slaves, hauling them with wagons over 200 miles to Texas, and creating another plantation.

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Slavery as Property Relation

Viewing the institution as a trade and the people involved as commodities

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Marriages with Propertied Women

They were used to show that some men entered their marriages with little to no wealth, and their unions with propertied women became their primary avenue to financial independence.

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Gibbs's Exploitation

After the civil war, Gibbs gathered her former slaves and moved to Texas to make them harvest more crops for her.

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What did women understand

Women understood the dangers of slavery

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Common experiences

The formerly enslaved spoke about acts intimate as cross-racial sexual violence, white paternity of enslaved children, and torture inflicted by their mistresses.

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Freedom

They created freedom for themselves with their financial ties and interactions with American slavery and marketplace.

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Features of slavery

White southern women not only witnessed the most brutal features of slavery, they took part in them, profited from them and defended them.

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Abigail Adam's Advice

Abolitionist who advised his son to postpone marriage until he obtained enough property.

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Slave Owners

Slave owners were the minority, primarily owned 10 or fewer enslaved people, lived in households that owned more than ten enslaved people.

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Husband's Creditors

Women often borrowed money from their wives and used the enslaved people their wives inherited to cultivate the lands they bought with those loans.

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John Moore's letter

John Moore stated women use “bait their hooks with niggers and the more they can stick on the better success”.

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Colonial gentlewomen

They were less likely to know about, or assist in, the management of her husband’s affairs or to be involved in trade or business of any sort.

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Mistress original meaning

Woman who was very skilled, had something in her possession, capital, rule and power over something

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Study Notes

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