White Southern Women and Slavery

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Questions and Answers

Which statement best encapsulates James Redpath's perspective on Southern women's stance on emancipation?

  • He argued that Southern women were unaware of slavery's true nature because they were shielded by their society and indoctrination. (correct)
  • He suggested that Southern women's views on slavery were shaped by their frequent exposure to the cruelties inflicted upon enslaved people.
  • He contended that Southern women's opposition to emancipation stemmed from their direct involvement in the inter-state slave trade.
  • He believed Southern women actively supported emancipation due to witnessing the horrors of slavery.

What does the narrative suggest regarding the common patriarchal view of white Southern women and slavery?

  • They openly defied societal norms and advocated for slave ownership and its expansion.
  • They were shielded from the harsh realities of slavery and thus unaware of its true nature. (correct)
  • They actively protested against slavery due to their direct involvement in the slave trade.
  • They were fully informed about the realities of slavery and played a crucial role in its abolition.

Based on the account of Martha Gibbs, how did she exercise control over her enslaved workforce?

  • She primarily focused on domestic duties and left the management of her slaves entirely to her overseer.
  • She delegated all management responsibilities to her husbands and overseers.
  • She occasionally visited the plantation to provide religious instruction and medical care.
  • She personally ensured the smooth operation of her sawmill and plantation, often resorting to harsh discipline and overseeing her overseer. (correct)

How did Martha Gibbs's marital relationships reflect her autonomy in managing her financial affairs and slave ownership?

<p>She disregarded her husbands' opinions and maintained control over her slaves and financial affairs, even defying their interference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Martha Gibbs take after the Civil War that demonstrates her continued investment in the institution of slavery, even after emancipation?

<p>She relocated her enslaved workforce to Texas and continued to profit from their labor for another year, underscoring her economic reliance on slavery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the focus of historical scholarship on women who owned slaves?

<p>Historians tend to focus only on single or widowed women, or do not differentiate women who owned slaves from those who simply lived in slave-owning households. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What argument do some scholars make regarding women's authority over enslaved people?

<p>Women were only 'fictive masters,' lacking genuine authority and often acting under male influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the author plan to build upon previous studies detailed in the text?

<p>The author aims to center the experiences of women who owned enslaved people in their own right, particularly married women, and their economic relationships to slavery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's main argument regarding the relationship between Southern women and slavery?

<p>Southern women had a primary relationship to slavery rooted in economic ties, using enslaved people and their goods for economic growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did some men in the South view marriage to women with enslaved people, according to the text?

<p>Men saw it as an avenue to financial independence and improved prospects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption did James Redpath make regarding white Southern women's knowledge of slavery?

<p>They were deliberately shielded from the true horrors of slavery by patriarchal figures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the author mention legal and financial documents, alongside narrative sources and military/government correspondence?

<p>To highlight the economic benefits women gained from exploiting enslaved labor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Martha Gibbs's actions contradict common assumptions about women's roles in the 19th-century South?

<p>She exerted direct control over her enslaved workforce and financial affairs, challenging traditional gender roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Litt Young's description of Martha Gibbs suggest about her character and position?

<p>She was a powerful woman who defied gender norms and wielded considerable authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rationale explains why Martha Gibbs gathered some of her formerly enslaved people and traveled to Texas after they were initially freed?

<p>To continue exploiting their labor for her own economic gain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the author critique existing historical scholarship on women who owned enslaved people?

<p>By stating that most historians focus predominantly on single/widowed women neglecting married women's roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fictive masters' imply in the context of historical discussions about women and slavery?

<p>Women whose authority over enslaved people was limited or delegated by men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will the author expand the understanding of women's relationship to slavery?

<p>Examining women's fundamental relationships to slavery as a property relation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Adam Smith's perspective, why was financial dependence on a husband significant for women in the 18th century?

<p>It ensured compliance and fidelity within the marital relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does John Moore's crass statement about 'girls' and 'niggers' illustrate about marriage prospects in the South?

<p>Women could enhance their prospects by owning enslaved people even in small numbers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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What underlying belief did James Redpath hold regarding the perspective of white Southern women on slavery?

<p>They were intentionally shielded from the realities of slavery, resulting in a lack of awareness and opposition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Martha Gibbs defy conventional expectations of women's behavior in the antebellum South?

<p>By actively engaging in business, independently managing her slaves and finances, and openly displaying authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author imply about the general focus of historical studies on women who owned slaves?

<p>They largely overlook married women's individual ownership and focus on the richest single or widowed women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the author intend to challenge existing views on women's relationship to slavery?

<p>By concentrating on the economic and property relations of married women to slavery, challenging conventional assumptions about women's roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the significance of Adam Smith's view on women's financial dependence within marriage during the 18th century?

<p>It underscores the belief that women's dependency on their husbands ensured faithfulness and domesticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author aim to reveal by describing southern women as 'mistresses of the market'?

<p>Their proactive involvement in the economic aspects of slavery, contesting historical viewpoints of women as merely domestic figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did some slave-owning women ensure compliance and prevent enslaved people from escaping while relocating them, as exemplified by Martha Gibbs?

<p>They hired armed guards and implemented restrictive measures, underscoring their proprietary claims over enslaved people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what can be inferred about the legal standing of married women in relation to their property rights in the 19th-century South?

<p>They faced more legal challenges in maintaining control over property, requiring specific steps to safeguard their assets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest about the reliability and interpretation of narratives from formerly enslaved people, particularly those gathered during the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

<p>They yield important perspectives, even with possible recall errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might examining women’s economic engagement with slavery challenge existing interpretations American capitalism?

<p>It would show the impact on economic systems if enslaved people actually belonged to their wives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the economic agency of women who owned slaves reshape understandings of early American capitalism and its historical narratives?

<p>By challenging the assumption that capitalism was solely a male domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that enabled women to significantly contribute to the scale of cotton cultivation in the 19th-century South?

<p>The forced labor of enslaved people they directly controlled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did marriage function as a financial strategy for some men in the 19th-century South?

<p>It provided access to resources and property controlled by their wives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the actions of women like Martha Gibbs, how were historical interpretations of women’s roles in the 19th-century South potentially limited?

<p>By disregarding the extent of their direct involvement in economic systems like slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might acknowledging wives' ownership of enslaved people change traditional interpretations of American slavery and capitalism?

<p>It could reveal previously unrecognized dynamics in economic systems due to gender. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions did Martha Gibbs take to contradict prevailing assumptions about women's dependence on men in financial and business matters?

<p>She independently managed a large sawmill and oversaw her enslaved workforce, defying traditional gender roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest about the economic complexities of slave ownership when both spouses owned enslaved people?

<p>It created situations in which wives became creditors to their husbands, complicating traditional gendered power dynamics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did perceptions of white women potentially influence the reliability and interpretation of narratives from formerly enslaved people, especially those gathered during the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

<p>The accounts may have been tempered by the interviewees' awareness of or attitudes toward white interviewers, potentially affecting what information they shared. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what inference can be made about the legal rights of married women in the 19th-century South concerning their property?

<p>They had distinct rights that could exist independently of their husbands but often required proactive measures to protect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does framing southern women as 'mistresses of the market' broaden conventional understanding of their roles in the antebellum South?

<p>It shifts the focus from women's social constraints to their agency within the economic system of slavery and capitalism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption did James Redpath make about the knowledge of white Southern women regarding the scope of the interstate slave trade?

<p>They were deliberately shielded from the knowledge of the interstate slave trade and its extensive commercial aspects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the author's perspective on the economics of slavery differ from that of Sven Beckert?

<p>The author builds on Beckert's work by incorporating women's previously unrecognized economic involvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential limitation does the author identify in relying on narratives collected from formerly enslaved people by the Federal Writers' Project (FWP)?

<p>The standardized questionnaire used in the interviews may have constrained responses and overlooked specific aspects of the enslavement experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contradiction emerges from Martha Gibbs's post-Civil War actions involving her formerly enslaved workforce?

<p>She gathered them under the pretense of offering assistance, but, after relocating them, she reinstituted a system of coerced labor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information about Abigail Adams's advice to her son John Quincy, how did her perspective challenge traditional expectations regarding marriage for women?

<p>She deemed it critical for men to establish financial stability prior to marriage, shifting ideals of reliance between spouses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might the study of women's economic engagement with slavery provide a more nuanced understanding of American capitalism?

<p>It reveals a wider network of financial relationships and economic activities that was previously attributed only to men. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite potential challenges and biases, what does the author emphasize about the value and significance of the narratives from formerly enslaved people?

<p>These narratives are significant accounts that provide insight to their bondage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the legal standing of married women in the 19th-century South potentially complicate their status as slave owners, requiring specific actions to protect their property rights?

<p>Women often needed to take additional measures to ensure ownership due to laws placing them and their possessions under male supervision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were formerly enslaved people's recollections about their female owner beneficial, and what did they suggest about their owners?

<p>Through intimate details, these narratives show economic contributions of slave-owning women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest about the term 'mistress' in the context of slave-owning women, contrasting it with conventional interpretations?

<p>It is a powerful term to signify a woman and wife who had total control and governance over domestic and business affairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Slavery as a relation of property

The idea that white southern women's primary connection to slavery was economic and property-based.

Slaves as marriage bait

Women could increase their chances of marrying well by owning slaves, even if a small number.

Mistress (historical definition)

A woman who had something in her possession, particularly capital; also exercised dominion, rule, or power.

Mistresses of the market

Women who are adept at managing slaves, buying/selling, and handling legal and financial matters related to slavery.

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Salient life events

Important life experiences, such as births, deaths, marriages, separations, and other traumas.

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Slave narratives as records

Formerly enslaved people's memory of ownership was sometimes the only surviving record.

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Who was Martha Gibbs?

Wealthy slave-owning woman who operated a steam sawmill and owned a large number of slaves.

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Redpath's view on southern women

James Redpath believed indoctrination led white southern women to oppose emancipation, shielding them from slavery's realities and interstate slave trade.

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Federal Writers' Project (FWP)

Roosevelt administration project to interview formerly enslaved people in order to document their experiences.

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Women's authority in slaveholding

Even with husbands present, slave-owning women held decision making power on slave matters in the household.

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Married women overlooked by historians

Historians have overlooked the married slave-owning woman's role in slave ownership because they thought the wives have little to no power in the marriage.

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Resistance to emancipation

After the Civil War, Gibbs continued to enslave people for labor in another state after they were legally freed.

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Marriage as a route to wealth

Some men entered marriages with little or no wealth; marriage to a woman with slave property became a path to financial independence for them.

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Women at slave auctions

Slave-owning women blended into mixed-gender auction crowds or sat at the front of refined slave-auction venues, observing the process

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Enslaved People Testimony

Those who survived slavery and emancipation were able to tell more of some owners actions against those they enslaved

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Unfazed Slave Owner Gibbs

Whipping a slave to force labor even with a verbal agreement of freedom.

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Slavery as freedom

The concept of slavery was their freedom of investment and ability to keep African Americans in captivity.

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Enslaved labor and economic growth

The idea that enslaved people's labor and products (wages, crops, babies) were critical to the economic growth of the American nation.

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Mistress-ship

A wife's authority over enslaved people and household matters, even when her husband was present.

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They Were Her Property

Focuses on women who owned enslaved people in their own right and the experiences of married slave-owning women.

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Wives as creditors

Women could become creditors and financiers to their husbands.

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Savvy female slave traders.

Southern women were known to bargain aggressively when trying to purchase slaves for their business.

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