Southern Cone History and Geography Overview

Southern Cone Overview

• Magellan's voyage proved South America's southern tip in 1520, defining the Southern Cone region.
• The Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and parts of southern Brazil.
• Its geography ranges from Andean peaks to the vast plains of the Chaco and Pampas.
• The region has a temperate climate, but also extreme conditions in certain areas.

Pre-European History

• Prior to European arrival, the Southern Cone was inhabited by numerous Amerindian nations.
• Major cultures included the Tupi, Guaraní, Tehuelche, and Mapuche.
• The Inca Empire expanded and conquered many Andean cultures in the 15th century.

Spanish Colonialism

• Spanish colonialism focused on the Southern Cone after the Inca Empire's defeat and Peru's colonization.
• The area's vast agricultural land was a key draw for colonization.
• The gaucho, a type of cowboy, emerged towards the end of the colonial period and later became a symbol of Argentina.

Southern Cone Independence

• The Southern Cone achieved independence from Spain in the early 19th century.
• The region became a focal point for immigration, particularly Southern and Eastern Europeans.
• Italy's influence is still apparent in the area.
• Many people were drawn to the region due to the scenery and mythology surrounding Patagonia.
• The region saw significant immigration, encouraged by governments in the belief that increased European populations would benefit their nations.

Southern Cone Political Issues of the 20th Century

• The 20th century saw military dictatorships and strong political figures.
• Argentina saw dictatorships starting with José Uriburu in 1930, followed by Juan Perón's populist rule.
• A subsequent military coup in Argentina resulted in thousands of deaths.
• Chile suffered under the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship (1973–1990) and similar violence.
• Cold War-era US involvement focused on preventing the spread of communism in the region.
• CIA involvement helped Pinochet rise to power, aiding the rebellion against Salvador Allende.

Southern Cone Society and Culture Today

• Southern Cone identity is largely European, with significantly less Amerindian or mixed ancestry than other parts of Latin America.
• Mate, a tea-like drink, is a central element of the culture.
• The region shows strong European heritage.
• Consumption of mate is socially important; refusing a gourd and straw offer is considered rude.