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What is the medical term for a sore throat?
What is the medical term for a sore throat?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Adenovirus infections?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Adenovirus infections?
What distinguishes Corynebacterium diphtheriae under a microscope?
What distinguishes Corynebacterium diphtheriae under a microscope?
Which serotypes of Adenoviruses primarily affect the upper respiratory tract?
Which serotypes of Adenoviruses primarily affect the upper respiratory tract?
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What is a characteristic feature of diphtheria?
What is a characteristic feature of diphtheria?
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What is the main treatment approach for Adenovirus infections?
What is the main treatment approach for Adenovirus infections?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom when suffering from pharyngitis caused by Adenoviruses?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom when suffering from pharyngitis caused by Adenoviruses?
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How long does it typically take for most patients to recover from a mild Adenovirus infection?
How long does it typically take for most patients to recover from a mild Adenovirus infection?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae is classified as which type of bacteria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is classified as which type of bacteria?
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What is the role of metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
What is the role of metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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What is the main component of the pseudomembrane associated with diphtheria?
What is the main component of the pseudomembrane associated with diphtheria?
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What serious complication can arise from the diphtheria exotoxin?
What serious complication can arise from the diphtheria exotoxin?
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How does diphtheria spread among individuals?
How does diphtheria spread among individuals?
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What is a characteristic symptom of strep throat caused by S.pyogenes?
What is a characteristic symptom of strep throat caused by S.pyogenes?
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What complication arises from the immune response to S.pyogenes M-protein?
What complication arises from the immune response to S.pyogenes M-protein?
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What is the primary reason for the decline in diphtheria cases?
What is the primary reason for the decline in diphtheria cases?
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What is a potential complication of Strep throat leading to kidney problems?
What is a potential complication of Strep throat leading to kidney problems?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for causing strep throat?
Which organism is primarily responsible for causing strep throat?
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What type of vaccine is DTaP?
What type of vaccine is DTaP?
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What unusual finding has been observed in healthy individuals concerning C.diphtheriae?
What unusual finding has been observed in healthy individuals concerning C.diphtheriae?
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The medical term for sore throat is pharyngitis.
The medical term for sore throat is pharyngitis.
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Adenoviruses can cause infections in both the throat and the conjunctiva.
Adenoviruses can cause infections in both the throat and the conjunctiva.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-negative bacillus that typically causes diphtheria.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-negative bacillus that typically causes diphtheria.
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The pseudomembrane associated with diphtheria is typically found at the front of the tongue.
The pseudomembrane associated with diphtheria is typically found at the front of the tongue.
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Infections caused by Adenoviruses are self-limiting and usually resolve within 1-2 weeks.
Infections caused by Adenoviruses are self-limiting and usually resolve within 1-2 weeks.
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Metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae are used to store excess potassium.
Metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae are used to store excess potassium.
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Serotypes 1-7 of Adenoviruses cause more severe respiratory infections compared to other serotypes.
Serotypes 1-7 of Adenoviruses cause more severe respiratory infections compared to other serotypes.
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Diphtheria can present with symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and severe throat inflammation.
Diphtheria can present with symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and severe throat inflammation.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae forms visible clusters called palisades under a microscope.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae forms visible clusters called palisades under a microscope.
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Adenoviruses are capable of causing infections in both the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.
Adenoviruses are capable of causing infections in both the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.
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The diphtheria exotoxin can stop 90% of all protein synthesis in a cell with just one molecule.
The diphtheria exotoxin can stop 90% of all protein synthesis in a cell with just one molecule.
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Lysogenic strains of S.pyogenes do not produce the erythrogenic toxin.
Lysogenic strains of S.pyogenes do not produce the erythrogenic toxin.
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Diphtheria is transmitted solely through direct contact with infected individuals.
Diphtheria is transmitted solely through direct contact with infected individuals.
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Scarlet fever can result from untreated strep throat and is caused by the erythrogenic toxin.
Scarlet fever can result from untreated strep throat and is caused by the erythrogenic toxin.
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The DTaP vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox.
The DTaP vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox.
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Complications from strep throat include rheumatic fever, which can cause heart valve damage.
Complications from strep throat include rheumatic fever, which can cause heart valve damage.
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Glomerulonephritis can result from strep throat due to kidney inflammation from immune complexes.
Glomerulonephritis can result from strep throat due to kidney inflammation from immune complexes.
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Only 15% of humans carry Strep pyogenes as normal flora.
Only 15% of humans carry Strep pyogenes as normal flora.
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Patients with diphtheria do not require monitoring for heart complications during treatment.
Patients with diphtheria do not require monitoring for heart complications during treatment.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-negative bacterium.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-negative bacterium.
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Study Notes
Sore Throat Pathogens
- Sore throat, medically known as pharyngitis, can range in severity.
- Many sore throats are symptom parts of other respiratory infections (e.g., cold, flu).
- Focus is on three pathogens causing pharyngitis: Adenovirus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Adenovirus
- Over 30 serotypes (groups) of Adenovirus can infect humans.
- Serotypes 1-7 are linked to upper respiratory tract and eye infections (colds, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis).
- Symptoms include fever, sore throat, red/inflamed throat/conjunctiva, and potentially photophobia.
- Treatment involves easing symptoms rather than curing the virus (e.g., eye drops, lozenges).
- Usually, the infection is mild and resolves within 1-2 weeks on its own.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Diphtheria
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive bacillus arranged in palisades.
- It contains metachromatic granules (stain iridescent red with methylene blue), giving a club shape appearance.
- Diphtheria is a disease caused by C. diphtheriae.
- Initial symptoms are localized throat infection, fever, sore throat, and severe inflammation.
- A hallmark is a thick, leathery pseudomembrane on the back of the tongue (made of dead tissue, bacteria, immune byproducts).
- The membrane can enlarge and block the airway, causing asphyxiation.
- Many C. diphtheriae strains are lysogenic (carrying viral DNA).
- The lysogenic bacteria produce a potent exotoxin that blocks eukaryotic ribosome translation.
- The exotoxin causes systemic effects due to the disruption of cellular function, with possible dangerous complications like nerve damage and heart failure leading to paralysis and death.
- Diphtheria is transmitted by respiratory droplets, direct contact, and fomites.
- Treatment includes antibiotics and antisera, with careful monitoring of the heart and respiratory system.
- Vaccination (DTaP) is highly effective in preventing diphtheria.
- Outbreaks can occur if herd immunity wanes.
Streptococcus pyogenes and Strep Throat
- Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus in chains.
- It's part of the normal flora in 15% of humans.
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact.
- Virulence factors include C-carbohydrate and M-protein (attachment and phagocytosis defense), hemolysin toxins (beta-hemolysis), and erythrogenic toxin (bright red rash and fever- only in lysogenic strains).
- Strep throat is characterized by extreme throat pain with a bright red, pus-covered throat and potentially a foul smell.
- Diagnosis of strep throat is crucial due to potential complications.
Complications of Strep Throat
-
Scarlet Fever:
- Lysogenic S. pyogenes causes erythrogenic toxin, resulting in a bright red rash, high fever, and a characteristic sandpaper-like rash.
- May include "strawberry tongue" (dark red tongue with white bumps).
- Requires prompt treatment to avoid complications.
-
Rheumatic Fever:
- Antibodies against S. pyogenes M-protein cross-react with heart tissue causing immune reaction.
- Can lead to permanent heart valve damage; treatment is vital.
-
Glomerulonephritis:
- Immune complexes (antibodies and antigens) deposit in the kidneys.
- Causes kidney inflammation (nephritis/glomerulonephritis).
- Symptoms include swelling, lowered urine output, blood in urine, increased blood pressure, and possible heart/kidney failure.
- Urgent antibiotic treatment is crucial.
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Description
Explore the pathogens responsible for sore throats, particularly Adenovirus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Learn about their characteristics, symptoms, and treatment options. This quiz provides insight into how these microorganisms contribute to pharyngitis and other respiratory infections.
