Sore throat causes and treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of porins in the lipopolysaccharide layer of bacteria?

  • To inactivate β-lactam antibiotics
  • To produce β-lactamases
  • To act as water-filled channels for transmembrane entry (correct)
  • To secrete penicillinases

    • How do β-lactamases contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

  • By inactivating β-lactam antibiotics enzymatically (correct)
  • By increasing the permeability of the bacterial membrane
  • By reducing the concentration of β-lactam antibiotics
  • By producing more β-lactam antibiotics

    • What is the typical location of β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria?

  • In the cytoplasm
  • In the inner membrane
  • In the periplasmic space (correct)
  • In the outer membrane

    • What is the role of β-lactamase inhibitors in antibiotic therapy?

    <p>To prevent the degradation of β-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following β-lactamase inhibitors is combined with amoxicillin in an oral preparation?

    <p>Clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of β-lactamases produced by Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>They are narrow-spectrum and produced in large quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of clavulanic acid as a β-lactamase inhibitor?

    <p>Irreversible binding to β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of β-lactamase inhibitor?

    <p>Penicillinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coformulating β-lactams with β-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>To protect the β-lactam from degradation by β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of β-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>They are produced in small quantities and have a narrow spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillins?

    <p>Competing for and binding to penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for penicillin use?

    <p>History of allergy to cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why gram-negative microorganisms are less susceptible to penicillins?

    <p>Outer lipopolysaccharide membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of penicillin binding proteins?

    <p>They are involved in transpeptidase and cross-linking of the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why penicillins are bactericidal?

    <p>They lead to the formation of a weakened cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the susceptibility of penicillin binding proteins to β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Size, charge, and hydrophobicity of the antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of penicillin use?

    <p>Diarrhea in the infant during lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of penicillin use during pregnancy?

    <p>Pregnancy category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of penicillin?

    <p>Time-dependent bactericidal agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is not a type of beta-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta-lactam antibiotics

    <p>inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis by acylating the transpeptidase (PBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of most antibiotic treatments for strep throat?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat patients who are allergic to penicillin?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the inhibition of transpeptidase by beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Weaker cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Transpeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell wall synthesis?

    <p>They are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism targeted to treat strep throat?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microbial agent is NOT commonly associated with sore throat?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is not an over-the-counter medication for sore throat?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rapid throat strep test?

    <p>To diagnose bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the 2 most common adverse effect of penicillins?

    <p>Joint &amp; muscle pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mechanism of antibiotic resistance utilized by bacterial cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which causes sore throat?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children at least 6 months old can be given ibuprofen (Rx by PCP) to treat mild-moderate pain

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ibuprofen is safe for children under 6 months old

    <p>false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetaminophen is safe and effective for both infants and children

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacteria Cell Wall Structure

    • Lipopolysaccharide layer has proteins that act as water-filled channels (porins) for transmembrane entry

    Beta-Lactamase

    • Bacteria can inactivate β-lactam antibiotics enzymatically via β-lactamases
    • Thousands of different β-lactamases have been characterized by molecular class or functional characteristics
    • Substrate specificities can be narrow or extend to almost all β-lactams
    • Gram-positive bacteria produce and secrete large amounts of β-lactamase, typically narrow-spectrum penicillinases
    • Gram-negative bacteria have β-lactamases in lower quantities, but their location in the periplasmic space provides maximal protection

    Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

    • Coformulated with β-lactams to "protect" them from β-lactamase
    • Bind to β-lactamases and prevent hydrolyzing β-lactam agents
    • Examples: Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam, Avibactam, Relebactam, Vaborbactam

    Penicillin Mechanism of Action

    • Structurally resemble the terminal portion of peptidoglycan strand
    • Compete for and bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which catalyze transpeptidase and facilitate cross-linking of the cell wall
    • Result: formation of a weakened cell wall and ultimately cell death
    • Regarded as bactericidal and work in a time-dependent fashion

    Penicillin Drugs

    • Examples: Pen G, PenV, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

    Contra-Indications and Precautions

    • Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporins
    • Used cautiously in patients with renal disease, asthma, bleeding disorders, gastrointestinal disease, pregnancy, or lactation, and history of allergies

    Antibiotics Used for Strep Throat

    • Penicillin
    • Amoxicillin
    • Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
    • Alternative antibiotics for those allergic to penicillin: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Cephalosporins, and Clindamycin

    Sore Throat Management

    • Causes: allergies, bacteria, viruses
    • Over-the-counter medications: pain medications, demulcents, numbing medications, antihistamines
    • Consideration before taking pain medication: only by MD prescription

    Therapeutic Intervention: Strep Throat

    • To kill the group A Streptococcus bacteria that cause strep throat
    • Antibiotics work only on bacteria and have no effect on sore throats caused by viruses

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    Microbial Causes & Management of Sore Throat PDF

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