Recent

  • Show all results for ""
Sore throat causes and treatment
39 Questions
0 Views

Sore throat causes and treatment

Created by

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of porins in the lipopolysaccharide layer of bacteria?

  • To inactivate β-lactam antibiotics
  • To produce β-lactamases
  • To act as water-filled channels for transmembrane entry (correct)
  • To secrete penicillinases

    • How do β-lactamases contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

  • By inactivating β-lactam antibiotics enzymatically (correct)
  • By increasing the permeability of the bacterial membrane
  • By reducing the concentration of β-lactam antibiotics
  • By producing more β-lactam antibiotics

    • What is the typical location of β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria?

  • In the cytoplasm
  • In the inner membrane
  • In the periplasmic space (correct)
  • In the outer membrane

    • What is the role of β-lactamase inhibitors in antibiotic therapy?

    <p>To prevent the degradation of β-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following β-lactamase inhibitors is combined with amoxicillin in an oral preparation?

    <p>Clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of β-lactamases produced by Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>They are narrow-spectrum and produced in large quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of clavulanic acid as a β-lactamase inhibitor?

    <p>Irreversible binding to β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of β-lactamase inhibitor?

    <p>Penicillinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coformulating β-lactams with β-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>To protect the β-lactam from degradation by β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of β-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>They are produced in small quantities and have a narrow spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillins?

    <p>Competing for and binding to penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for penicillin use?

    <p>History of allergy to cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why gram-negative microorganisms are less susceptible to penicillins?

    <p>Outer lipopolysaccharide membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of penicillin binding proteins?

    <p>They are involved in transpeptidase and cross-linking of the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why penicillins are bactericidal?

    <p>They lead to the formation of a weakened cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the susceptibility of penicillin binding proteins to β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Size, charge, and hydrophobicity of the antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of penicillin use?

    <p>Diarrhea in the infant during lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of penicillin use during pregnancy?

    <p>Pregnancy category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of penicillin?

    <p>Time-dependent bactericidal agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is not a type of beta-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta-lactam antibiotics

    <p>inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis by acylating the transpeptidase (PBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of most antibiotic treatments for strep throat?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat patients who are allergic to penicillin?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the inhibition of transpeptidase by beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Weaker cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Transpeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell wall synthesis?

    <p>They are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism targeted to treat strep throat?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microbial agent is NOT commonly associated with sore throat?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is not an over-the-counter medication for sore throat?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a rapid throat strep test?

    <p>To diagnose bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the 2 most common adverse effect of penicillins?

    <p>Joint &amp; muscle pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mechanism of antibiotic resistance utilized by bacterial cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which causes sore throat?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children at least 6 months old can be given ibuprofen (Rx by PCP) to treat mild-moderate pain

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ibuprofen is safe for children under 6 months old

    <p>false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetaminophen is safe and effective for both infants and children

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacteria Cell Wall Structure

    • Lipopolysaccharide layer has proteins that act as water-filled channels (porins) for transmembrane entry

    Beta-Lactamase

    • Bacteria can inactivate β-lactam antibiotics enzymatically via β-lactamases
    • Thousands of different β-lactamases have been characterized by molecular class or functional characteristics
    • Substrate specificities can be narrow or extend to almost all β-lactams
    • Gram-positive bacteria produce and secrete large amounts of β-lactamase, typically narrow-spectrum penicillinases
    • Gram-negative bacteria have β-lactamases in lower quantities, but their location in the periplasmic space provides maximal protection

    Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

    • Coformulated with β-lactams to "protect" them from β-lactamase
    • Bind to β-lactamases and prevent hydrolyzing β-lactam agents
    • Examples: Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam, Avibactam, Relebactam, Vaborbactam

    Penicillin Mechanism of Action

    • Structurally resemble the terminal portion of peptidoglycan strand
    • Compete for and bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which catalyze transpeptidase and facilitate cross-linking of the cell wall
    • Result: formation of a weakened cell wall and ultimately cell death
    • Regarded as bactericidal and work in a time-dependent fashion

    Penicillin Drugs

    • Examples: Pen G, PenV, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

    Contra-Indications and Precautions

    • Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporins
    • Used cautiously in patients with renal disease, asthma, bleeding disorders, gastrointestinal disease, pregnancy, or lactation, and history of allergies

    Antibiotics Used for Strep Throat

    • Penicillin
    • Amoxicillin
    • Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
    • Alternative antibiotics for those allergic to penicillin: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Cephalosporins, and Clindamycin

    Sore Throat Management

    • Causes: allergies, bacteria, viruses
    • Over-the-counter medications: pain medications, demulcents, numbing medications, antihistamines
    • Consideration before taking pain medication: only by MD prescription

    Therapeutic Intervention: Strep Throat

    • To kill the group A Streptococcus bacteria that cause strep throat
    • Antibiotics work only on bacteria and have no effect on sore throats caused by viruses

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    FA, MO- fall d1

    More Quizzes Like This

    Bacterial Structure and Characteristics Quiz
    12 questions

    Bacterial Structure and Characteristics Quiz

    ConsiderateLimerick avatar
    ConsiderateLimerick
    Mecanismos de patogenicidad bacteriana
    17 questions

    Mecanismos de patogenicidad bacteriana

    LightHeartedIndium avatar
    LightHeartedIndium
    Understanding Bacterial Evolution and Antibiotic Resistance
    36 questions

    Understanding Bacterial Evolution and Antibiotic Resistance

    HonorableNaïveArt avatar
    HonorableNaïveArt
    Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance
    8 questions

    Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance

    QuickerDatePalm avatar
    QuickerDatePalm
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser