Soot Particles

<p>To learn about the history of air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forest fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ore and metal processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.01 to 0.05 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CxH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a common origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxyl radical (OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines the fate of trace constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the fate of air pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C = rac{pM}{R_gT}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C = rac{380 imes 10^{-6} imes 44.01}{8.314 imes 288.2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chain terminating reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>m- and p-Xylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoke from domestic fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volatile organic compounds (VOC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SO2 + NH3 → (NH4)2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NO2 + NH3 ⇋ NH4NO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles &lt; 2.5 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles &lt; 0.1 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High Temperature Combustion: Cars, lorries etc ~ 50%, Fuel Combustion ~ 45%, Biogenics in soil, Lightning, Forest Fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degradation of chlorophyll, reduced photosynthesis, raised respiration rates, and changes in protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to acidification of soils and waters and subsequent loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automobiles ~ 75%, Agricultural ~ 10%, Forest Fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause damage to many plant species leading to loss of yield and quality of crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size range of soot particles is from 0.01 to 0.05 um.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The composition of aged soot particles in the high-temperature region of the flame is typically CxH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structural similarity suggests a common origin between soot particles and inorganic particles produced from volatilized ash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soot particles form in a flame through a chain of events that begins with pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of the fuel into small molecules, followed by chemical reactions that build up larger molecules that eventually become very small particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As soot particles age in the flame, they lose hydrogen and eventually exit the flame with a C/H ratio of about 100 carbon atoms each.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The OH radical is highly reactive and acts as an atmospheric cleaner by oxidizing and chemically converting most air pollutants, such as hydrocarbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The OH radical is formed through reactions such as O3 + hv -&gt; O + O2 (λ &lt; 310nm) and O + H2O -&gt; 2OH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air pollutant concentration in the atmosphere is controlled by processes such as the source and removal rates of pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate of change = source + sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary role of the OH radical is to initiate the oxidation and removal of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>isoprene and a-pinene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, organic matter, primary (emitted), secondary (formed in the atmosphere), elemental carbon, soil and dust, trace metals, sea salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SO2 + oxidant -&gt; H2SO4 + 2NH3 -&gt; (NH4)2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NO2 + oxidant -&gt; HNO3 -&gt; HNO3 + NH3 &lt;-&gt; NH4NO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SO2 + oxidant -&gt; H2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air pollution is the presence in the air of substances put there by the acts of human activity in concentrations sufficient to interfere with health, comfort, safety, and full use and enjoyment of property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source. Examples include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO &amp; NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu), ammonia (NH3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, and 1,3-butadiene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary pollutants form when other pollutants (i.e. primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Examples include Ozone (O3), NO2, acid rain, PM, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural sources include volcanoes, which have released particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere for millions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropogenic sources are manmade sources of air pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoke from domestic fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36 µg/m3 decrease in BS (-71%) and 11 µg/m3 decrease in SO2 (-34%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-7% decrease in total mortality, -16% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, -3% decrease in respiratory mortality, and no significant change in other causes of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C = \frac{{p \cdot M}},{{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conversion is not provided in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ban on the sale of coal in Dublin resulted in a 71% decrease in PM2.5 concentrations and a 34% decrease in SO2 concentrations. It also led to a 7% decrease in total mortality, a 16% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, and a 3% decrease in respiratory mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relation between mixing ratios and concentrations is given by the equation $C = \frac{p \cdot M}{R_g \cdot T}$, where $C$ is the concentration, $p$ is the pressure, $M$ is the molecular weight, $R_g$ is the gas constant, and $T$ is the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert mixing ratios ($C$) into mass concentrations ($C_m$), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $p_{tot}$ is the total pressure, $M_{tot}$ is the total molecular weight, $p$ is the partial pressure, and $M$ is the molecular weight of the species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at the surface (1013 hPa), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $C = 380 \times 10^{-6}$ ppmv, $p_{tot} = 1013$ hPa, $M_{tot} = 28.97$ g/mol, $p = 1013$ hPa, and $M = 44.01$ g/mol. Substituting these values, we get $C_m = 380 \times 10^{-6} \times \frac{1013 \times 28.97}{1013 \times 44.01}$ gm-3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at 500 hPa (ca 5 km altitude), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $C = 380 \times 10^{-6}$ ppmv, $p_{tot} = 500$ hPa, $M_{tot} = 28.97$ g/mol, $p = 500$ hPa, and $M = 44.01$ g/mol. Substituting these values, we get $C_m = 380 \times 10^{-6} \times \frac{500 \times 28.97}{500 \times 44.01}$ gm-3.</p> Signup and view all the answers