Soot Particles
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Questions and Answers

Which one of these is a primary pollutant?

  • Acid rain
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen dioxide (correct)
  • Ozone

Which one of these is a secondary pollutant?

  • Sulphur dioxide
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Ozone (correct)
  • Particulate matter

Which one of these is a natural source of air pollution?

  • Volcanoes (correct)
  • Cars
  • Factories
  • Power plants

Which one of these is not a key objective of this lesson?

<p>To learn about the history of air pollution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is a common primary pollutant?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural source of nitrogen oxides?

<p>Forest fires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant is primarily produced by transportation and industry?

<p>Ozone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common source of lead pollution?

<p>Ore and metal processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant is a recognized human carcinogen?

<p>Benzene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant can cause damage to ecosystems through deposition of eutrophying and acidifying pollutants?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the size range of soot particles?

<p>0.01 to 0.05 um (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of aged soot particles in the high-temperature region of the flame?

<p>CxH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do soot particles grow in a flame?

<p>Through coagulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the C/H ratio of small soot particles?

<p>About unity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural similarity between soot particles and inorganic particles?

<p>They have a common origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for initiating the removal of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere?

<p>Hydroxyl radical (OH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the atmosphere?

<p>Determines the fate of trace constituents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the formation of ozone (O3) in the atmosphere?

<p>Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the atmosphere?

<p>Short lifetime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the oxidation of air pollutants?

<p>It determines the fate of air pollutants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for converting mixing ratios to concentrations?

<p>$C = rac{pM}{R_gT}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct equation for converting 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at the surface (1013 hPa)?

<p>$C = rac{380 imes 10^{-6} imes 44.01}{8.314 imes 288.2}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical sink for pollutants in the atmosphere?

<p>Chain terminating reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) important for O3 production?

<p>m- and p-Xylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant source of air pollution in Dublin before the ban on sale of coal?

<p>Smoke from domestic fires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary precursor to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere?

<p>Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the formation of ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3)?

<p>SO2 + NH3 → (NH4)2SO4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the formation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3)?

<p>NO2 + NH3 ⇋ NH4NO3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct range of particle size for PM2.5 (fine particles)?

<p>Particles &lt; 2.5 µm in diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct range of particle size for ultrafine particles (nanoparticles)?

<p>Particles &lt; 0.1 µm in diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sources of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere?

<p>High Temperature Combustion: Cars, lorries etc ~ 50%, Fuel Combustion ~ 45%, Biogenics in soil, Lightning, Forest Fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential damages of high levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on ecosystems?

<p>Degradation of chlorophyll, reduced photosynthesis, raised respiration rates, and changes in protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deposition of SO2 derived pollution contribute to environmental damage?

<p>It contributes to acidification of soils and waters and subsequent loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide (CO)?

<p>Automobiles ~ 75%, Agricultural ~ 10%, Forest Fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ground-level ozone impact plant species and crops?

<p>It can cause damage to many plant species leading to loss of yield and quality of crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of soot particles?

<p>The size range of soot particles is from 0.01 to 0.05 um.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of aged soot particles in the high-temperature region of the flame?

<p>The composition of aged soot particles in the high-temperature region of the flame is typically CxH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common origin suggested by the structural similarity between soot particles and inorganic particles?

<p>The structural similarity suggests a common origin between soot particles and inorganic particles produced from volatilized ash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do soot particles form in a flame?

<p>Soot particles form in a flame through a chain of events that begins with pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of the fuel into small molecules, followed by chemical reactions that build up larger molecules that eventually become very small particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to soot particles as they age in the flame?

<p>As soot particles age in the flame, they lose hydrogen and eventually exit the flame with a C/H ratio of about 100 carbon atoms each.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the OH radical in the atmosphere?

<p>The OH radical is highly reactive and acts as an atmospheric cleaner by oxidizing and chemically converting most air pollutants, such as hydrocarbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the OH radical formed in the atmosphere?

<p>The OH radical is formed through reactions such as O3 + hv -&gt; O + O2 (λ &lt; 310nm) and O + H2O -&gt; 2OH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controls air pollutant concentration in the atmosphere?

<p>Air pollutant concentration in the atmosphere is controlled by processes such as the source and removal rates of pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the budget equation for a pollutant in an environmental compartment?

<p>Rate of change = source + sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the OH radical in the oxidation of air pollutants?

<p>The primary role of the OH radical is to initiate the oxidation and removal of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere?

<p>isoprene and a-pinene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of PM2.5?

<p>ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, organic matter, primary (emitted), secondary (formed in the atmosphere), elemental carbon, soil and dust, trace metals, sea salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the formation of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3)?

<p>SO2 + oxidant -&gt; H2SO4 + 2NH3 -&gt; (NH4)2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the formation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3)?

<p>NO2 + oxidant -&gt; HNO3 -&gt; HNO3 + NH3 &lt;-&gt; NH4NO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the atmosphere?

<p>SO2 + oxidant -&gt; H2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of air pollution?

<p>Air pollution is the presence in the air of substances put there by the acts of human activity in concentrations sufficient to interfere with health, comfort, safety, and full use and enjoyment of property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary pollutants and give examples?

<p>Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source. Examples include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO &amp; NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu), ammonia (NH3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, and 1,3-butadiene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary pollutants and how do they form?

<p>Secondary pollutants form when other pollutants (i.e. primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Examples include Ozone (O3), NO2, acid rain, PM, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are natural sources of air pollution?

<p>Natural sources include volcanoes, which have released particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere for millions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are anthropogenic sources of air pollution?

<p>Anthropogenic sources are manmade sources of air pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the dominant sources of air pollution in Dublin before the ban on the sale of coal?

<p>Smoke from domestic fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of the ban on the sale of coal on air pollution in Dublin?

<p>36 µg/m3 decrease in BS (-71%) and 11 µg/m3 decrease in SO2 (-34%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the ban on the sale of coal on mortality in Dublin?

<p>-7% decrease in total mortality, -16% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, -3% decrease in respiratory mortality, and no significant change in other causes of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for converting mixing ratios to concentrations?

<p>$C = \frac{{p \cdot M}},{{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at the surface (1013 hPa).

<p>The conversion is not provided in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of the ban on the sale of coal in Dublin?

<p>The ban on the sale of coal in Dublin resulted in a 71% decrease in PM2.5 concentrations and a 34% decrease in SO2 concentrations. It also led to a 7% decrease in total mortality, a 16% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, and a 3% decrease in respiratory mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between mixing ratios and concentrations?

<p>The relation between mixing ratios and concentrations is given by the equation $C = \frac{p \cdot M}{R_g \cdot T}$, where $C$ is the concentration, $p$ is the pressure, $M$ is the molecular weight, $R_g$ is the gas constant, and $T$ is the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mixing ratios be converted into mass concentrations?

<p>To convert mixing ratios ($C$) into mass concentrations ($C_m$), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $p_{tot}$ is the total pressure, $M_{tot}$ is the total molecular weight, $p$ is the partial pressure, and $M$ is the molecular weight of the species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at the surface (1013 hPa).

<p>To convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at the surface (1013 hPa), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $C = 380 \times 10^{-6}$ ppmv, $p_{tot} = 1013$ hPa, $M_{tot} = 28.97$ g/mol, $p = 1013$ hPa, and $M = 44.01$ g/mol. Substituting these values, we get $C_m = 380 \times 10^{-6} \times \frac{1013 \times 28.97}{1013 \times 44.01}$ gm-3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at 500 hPa (ca 5 km altitude).

<p>To convert 380 ppmv of CO2 into gm-3 at 500 hPa (ca 5 km altitude), you can use the equation $C_m = C \cdot \frac{p_{tot} \cdot M_{tot}}{p \cdot M}$, where $C = 380 \times 10^{-6}$ ppmv, $p_{tot} = 500$ hPa, $M_{tot} = 28.97$ g/mol, $p = 500$ hPa, and $M = 44.01$ g/mol. Substituting these values, we get $C_m = 380 \times 10^{-6} \times \frac{500 \times 28.97}{500 \times 44.01}$ gm-3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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