Soot Particles

High Temperature Combustion: Cars, lorries etc

Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Carbon monoxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, Lead, Benzene, 1,3- butadiene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Ammonia

Biological Oxidation to SO4 over 1 to 4 days

<p>Automobiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leaf or needle damage &amp; reduced growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, organic matter, elemental carbon, soil and dust, trace metals, sea salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>secondary inorganic particles (sulphuric acid and ammonium sulphate), secondary organic particles (formed from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>particles less than 10 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>particles less than 2.5 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>particles less than 0.1 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.01 to 0.05 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CxH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>about unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>through a chain of events that begins with pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of the fuel into small molecules, followed by chemical reactions that build up larger molecules that eventually get big enough to become very small particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>agglomerate structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programs to encourage use of solid fuels, primarily coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoke from domestic fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Banning the marketing, sale, and distribution of bituminous coals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36 µg/m3 decrease in BS (-71%), 11 µg/m3 decrease in SO2 (-34%), -7% decrease in total mortality, -16% decrease in cardiovascular mortality, -3% decrease in respiratory mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>c = p \cdot c_{tot} \cdot \frac{M}{M_{tot}}</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The OH radical is an atmospheric &quot;cleaner&quot; that determines the fate of trace constituents, initiates most VOC removal, and oxidizes and chemically converts most air pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OH radical is formed through the reaction O + H2O -&gt; 2OH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O + O2 + M -&gt; O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other mechanisms of OH radical formation include HONO photolysis and O3 + Alkene reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The factors that control air pollutant concentration include pollutant lifetimes (residence times), sources, and the rate of change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air pollution is the presence in the air of substances put there by the acts of human activity in concentrations sufficient to interfere with health, comfort, safety, and full use and enjoyment of property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO &amp; NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu), ammonia (NH3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, and 1,3-butadiene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary pollutants form when other pollutants (i.e. primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere, such as ozone (O3), NO2, acid rain, PM, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural sources of air pollutants include volcanoes, which have released particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere for millions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropogenic sources of air pollutants are man-made sources, such as industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and the burning of fossil fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forest fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lightning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry and wet deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size range of soot particles is 0.01 to 0.05 um.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aged soot particles in the flame typically have a CxH composition, but may contain more hydrogen earlier in the flame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soot particles and inorganic particles produced from volatilized ash have a similar composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soot particles form through pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of the fuel into small molecules, followed by chemical reactions that build up larger molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The C/H ratio of small particles in soot is about unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elemental carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SO2 + oxidant -&gt; H2SO4 + 2NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&lt; 0.1 µm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volatile organic compounds (VOC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O + H2O -&gt; 2OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O + O2 + M -&gt; O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines the fate of trace constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C = rac{pM}{R_gT}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$C = rac{380 imes 10^{-6} imes 44}{8.314 imes 288.2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wet deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photochemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated nitrogen species (NOx)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen oxides (NO &amp; NO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, while secondary pollutants form when other pollutants react in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affects both human health and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrial emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers