Songhai Empire and European Exploration

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of the Puritans in establishing colonies in New England?

To establish a monarchy under English rule

To spread Catholicism in the New World

To purify the Church of England from Roman Catholic practices (correct)

To engage in profitable trade with Native Americans

What was a significant outcome of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

The reestablishment of absolute monarchy in England

The restoration of the Church of England as the state religion

The execution of King James II

The limitation of royal power and establishment of a constitutional monarchy (correct)

What economic shift did tobacco production bring to Virginia?

It established Virginia as a trade center for cotton

It fueled the colony's growth and demand for labor (correct)

It prompted the decline of joint-stock companies

It reduced the need for labor in agriculture

Which act was passed in Maryland to address religious tensions between Christians and Catholics?

The Toleration Act of 1649 Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Head-Right System in Virginia?

To encourage colonization by granting land to settlers Signup and view all the answers

Who was instrumental in the early survival of the Jamestown colony?

John Smith Signup and view all the answers

What event is referred to as the Good Friday Massacre in Virginia?

An attack by the Powhatan Confederacy on colonists Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Requerimiento in the context of Spanish colonization?

To justify the conquest and subjugation of indigenous people Signup and view all the answers

What was Jamestown's significance in American history?

It was the first permanent English settlement in North America Signup and view all the answers

Who was a key advocate for the rights of indigenous people during the Spanish colonization?

Bartolome de Las Casas Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the fall of the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century?

Hernando Cortes' expedition and the alliance with local tribes Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Columbian Exchange play in global history?

It facilitated the transfer of goods, ideas, and diseases among continents Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Encomienda System in colonial Spanish America?

It involved forced labor of indigenous people for conversion to Christianity Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event occurred during the Council of Valladolid?

A debate on the treatment of indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the Roanoke Island Settlement?

It was abandoned and its inhabitants mysteriously disappeared Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?

To create a governing document based on self-governance and majority rule Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mission of the Massachusetts Bay Company?

To settle New England primarily with Puritans Signup and view all the answers

Which principle defines the legal doctrine of Femme Couverte?

A married woman's legal rights are completely integrated with her husband's Signup and view all the answers

What was the Half-Way Covenant designed to address?

The baptism of children from non-saints to ensure church growth Signup and view all the answers

What characterized William Penn's vision of the 'Holy Experiment' in Pennsylvania?

Creating a colony based on religious tolerance and equal political rights Signup and view all the answers

What was Sir Edmund Andros known for during his time as governor?

His authoritarian leadership leading to discontent and rebellion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Quaker ideals?

Emphasis on equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What do the distinct regions of commerce highlight in colonial trade?

The interdependence of different colonial regions in trade Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of indentured servitude in the American colonies?

To serve as a means for individuals to gain passage and land Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'Condition of the Mother' law in Virginia affect the status of enslaved children?

Children inherited enslaved status from their mothers Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Triangle Trade in the context of the colonies?

It created a profitable network involving goods and enslaved people Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Middle Passage for enslaved Africans?

It was marked by inhumane conditions with high mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

What type of labor system allowed enslaved individuals some control over their workday?

Task Labor Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Stono Rebellion in 1739?

It prompted stricter laws governing enslaved individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept suggests that a government's authority relies on the consent of the governed?

Social Contract Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the British policy of Salutary Neglect on the American colonies?

It encouraged colonies to develop self-governance Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Albany Plan of Union proposed by Benjamin Franklin?

To establish a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the French and Indian War?

The conflict over the Ohio River Valley Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the British defeat at Fort William Henry?

It incited the massacre of British troops by Native American forces. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Sugar Act of 1764 on colonial sentiment?

It led to protests over taxation without representation. Signup and view all the answers

Which British law directly established a tax on printed materials in the American colonies?

Stamp Act Signup and view all the answers

Who was the British Prime Minister responsible for introducing both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act?

George Grenville Signup and view all the answers

What did the Proclamation Line of 1763 seek to achieve?

To prevent colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains Signup and view all the answers

Which group was formed to oppose British policies including the Stamp Act?

Sons of Liberty Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Songhai Empire and Trans-Atlantic Dynamics

West African empire prominent in trans-Saharan trade, involved in slavery and known for its hierarchical social structure.

Columbian Exchange

Following 1492, goods, ideas, and diseases exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer responsible for four pivotal voyages across the Atlantic, establishing European settlements in the New World.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Agreement between Spain and Portugal defining territorial claims in the New World, established a division line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde islands.

Spanish Conquest and Colonization

Hernando Cortes led the expedition causing the downfall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.
The Encomienda System granted Spanish colonists labor rights over indigenous people in exchange for conversion to Christianity.
Bartolome de Las Casas, a priest, defended indigenous rights and opposed the abuses of the encomienda system.
The Council of Valladolid (1550-1551) debated the treatment of indigenous peoples, primarily featuring arguments from Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda.

English Colonization Efforts

Henry VIII established the Church of England, breaking away from Catholic Church authority.
Sir Walter Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony, which became known as the 'Lost Colony' due to mysterious disappearances.
The Requerimiento justified Spanish conquest and subjugation of New World peoples.
Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from Native Americans for goods valued at approximately 60 guilders.

Native American Civilizations

The Aztec Empire was a major Mesoamerican civilization defeated by Hernando Cortes.
The Iroquois League was a powerful alliance of five (later six) nations influential in colonial resistance and politics.

Religious Influences in Colonization

Puritans sought to purify the Church of England, leading to the establishment of strict religious communities in New England.
The Toleration Act of 1649 in Maryland provided religious freedom for Christians amidst Protestant-Catholic tensions.
Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, governed by the Mayflower Compact establishing self-governance.

Development of Colonial Governance

The Massachusetts Bay Company was established by Puritans in 1629 to colonize New England.
Femme Couverte dictated that married women's legal rights were absorbed by their husbands.
The Half-Way Covenant allowed children of non-saints to be baptized and gain partial church membership.

Quakers and Religious Equality

Quakers advocated for equality and pacifism, founding Pennsylvania as a sanctuary for religious tolerance.
William Penn envisioned Pennsylvania as a "Holy Experiment" for democratic governance and religious freedom.

Colonial Economic Structures

The Joint-Stock Company facilitated investment in colonization, exemplified by the Virginia Company.
Jamestown (1607) was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
John Smith implemented the "No Work, No Food" policy in Jamestown, essential for the colony's survival.
The Head-Right System encouraged immigration by granting land to those who financed the passage of others.

Labor Systems and Slavery

Tobacco emerged as a significant cash crop in Virginia, driving demand for labor.
African Slavery became the primary labor system in southern colonies post-indenture decline, enforced by laws like the "Condition of the Mother."
Triangle Trade involved the exchange of goods and enslaved individuals between Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
The Middle Passage represented the brutal transatlantic journey endured by enslaved Africans.

Resistance and Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion (1739) in South Carolina highlighted enslaved resistance against oppression, resulting in stricter laws.

The Enlightenment encouraged reason, science, and individual rights over traditional authorities.
Deism posited that God created but did not intervene in the universe, suggesting a naturalistic approach to religion.

Colonial Governance and Conflict

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was a significant conflict between Britain and France in North America.
George Washington gained military experience during this war, eventually becoming the first U.S. president.
The Albany Plan of Union proposed a unified colonial government but was rejected.
The Treaty of Paris (1763) concluded the war, transferring most French territories in North America to Britain.

Growing Colonial Discontent

The Proclamation Line of 1763 restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachians to mitigate Native American conflicts.
The Sugar Act (1764) imposed taxes leading to colonial protests over representation.
The Stamp Act (1765) created widespread outrage with the rallying cry of "no taxation without representation."
The Sons of Liberty were formed in resistance to British policies, demonstrating organized opposition.
The Townsend Act (1767) triggered boycotts as it imposed duties on imported goods, increasing tensions.

Foundational Figures

Benjamin Franklin was an influential statesman and diplomat, crucial in securing French support during the American Revolution.

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Description

Explore the dynamic interactions between the Songhai Empire and European powers during the Age of Exploration. This quiz covers significant topics such as the Columbian Exchange, Christopher Columbus's voyages, the Treaty of Tordesillas, and the Spanish conquest of indigenous empires. Test your knowledge on the complexities of early globalization and colonial practices.