42 Questions
Which system is responsible for conscious control over movement, respiration, and posture?
Somatic nervous system
What type of control does the somatic nervous system exert over the body?
Conscious control
Which function is NOT controlled by the somatic nervous system?
Digestion
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for conserving and restoring energy in the body?
Parasympathetic nervous system
One day, while hiking, you spot a cougar down the trail. It turns its head and once it spots you, it begins to run towards you. What is most likely going on in your body?
Bronchial dilation
Somehow, you manage to escape from the cougar. You sit down by a tree to relax. What is most likely going on in your body?
Wetting yourself
What type of neuron is responsible for wiring the somatic nervous system?
Myelinated neuron
Which neurotransmitter is released onto skeletal muscle by the neurons of the somatic nervous system?
Glutamate
Which nervous system is associated with a short, myelinated neuron that synapses at the ganglion and then has a long postganglionic unmyelinated neuron?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Based off the previous question, which neurotransmitter(s) does the short and long neuron secrete (in the order that the signal is sent)?
ACH, NE
A short myelinated neuron synapses at the Adrenal medulla. Which nervous system is this associated with?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Based off the previous question, which neurotransmitter(s) does the short neuron and adrenal medulla secrete (in the order that the signal is sent)?
ACH, NE
Which nervous system has a long myelinated neuron that innervates a ganglia followed by a short non-myelinated neuron?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which neurotransmitter is NOT released by the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
Dopamine
Alpha, beta, and dopamine are all receptor subtypes of which nervous system?
SNS
Which neurotransmitter is NOT a sympathetic neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Which of the following is true about adrenergic agonists?
They activate adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a characteristic of adrenergic receptors?
Activation leads to decreased digestive activity
Which of the following best describes sympathomimetics?
Medications that increase the response and promote nerve impulse transmission in the sympathetic system
What is the primary function of sympatholytics?
To inhibit the response and block nerve impulse transmission in the sympathetic system
Which of the following best describes the function of adrenergic receptor alpha 1?
Innervating smooth muscle causing constriction
What is the primary effect of activation of adrenergic receptor alpha 2?
Decrease in blood pressure by inhibiting sympathetic outflow
From which amino acid residue are the catecholamines NE, EPI, and DA synthesized?
Tyrosine
Which neurotransmitters are released into the synapse dependent upon the release of calcium?
NE, EPI, and DA
What enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of NE, EPI, and DA?
COMT and MAO
Which adrenergic receptor subtype is responsible for causing smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs?
Adrenergic receptor beta 2
What is the primary effect of adrenergic receptor beta 1 activation?
Increased heart rate, contractility, and conduction
Why is peripherally administered dopamine ineffective in treating patients with Parkinson's disease?
It cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier
Why is the precursor levodopa used instead of dopamine for treating Parkinson's?
Levodopa can penetrate the blood-brain barrier
Why is carbidopa used in the management of Parkinson's Disease?
To inhibit the unwanted side effects of levodopa on organs located outside of the central nervous system
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what are the primary receptor types for ACH?
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for mediating the 'rest and digest' response in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Which type of nerve fibers are primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic
ACH is broken down by which enzyme?
acetylcholinesterase
What are the cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
M2 receptors are found in the heart.
True
M3 receptors are found in smooth muscle.
False
M1, M4, and M5 are found in the central nervous system.
True
What is the primary function of darifenacin?
Treating symptoms of an overactive bladder
How does darifenacin work in the body?
By relaxing the muscles of the bladder (antimuscarinics)
How many knees do elephants have?
2
Study Notes
Adrenergic Receptors
- Adrenergic receptors are a sub-group of G-protein coupled receptors
Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic agonists are substances that stimulate adrenergic receptors
Adrenergic Antagonists
- Adrenergic antagonists are substances that block the action of adrenergic receptors
Indications for Adrenergic Antagonists
- The indications for adrenergic antagonists include (list not provided)
Please note that the original text seems to be repeated multiple times, and there is no clear or new information provided. The above summary is based on the limited information available.
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