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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a solution?
Which of the following best describes a solution?
- A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (correct)
- A compound formed by chemical reaction
- A heterogeneous mixture with visible boundaries
- A suspension of large particles in a liquid
The solvent is always the component of a solution present in the smallest amount.
The solvent is always the component of a solution present in the smallest amount.
False (B)
What term describes the process by which a solute dissolves in a solvent?
What term describes the process by which a solute dissolves in a solvent?
Dissolution
The process opposite to dissolution, where solute comes out of solution, is known as ______.
The process opposite to dissolution, where solute comes out of solution, is known as ______.
Which type of solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent at a given temperature?
Which type of solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent at a given temperature?
An unsaturated solution contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature.
What is the term for a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature?
What is the term for a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature?
In a ______ solution, the rate of dissolution is greater than the rate of crystallization.
In a ______ solution, the rate of dissolution is greater than the rate of crystallization.
Which of the following factors generally increases the solubility of solids in liquids?
Which of the following factors generally increases the solubility of solids in liquids?
The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing temperature.
The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing temperature.
What factor, besides temperature, affects the solubility of gases in liquids?
What factor, besides temperature, affects the solubility of gases in liquids?
According to the principle 'like dissolves like', a polar substance is most likely to dissolve in a ______ solvent.
According to the principle 'like dissolves like', a polar substance is most likely to dissolve in a ______ solvent.
Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction is the strongest?
Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction is the strongest?
London dispersion forces are the strongest type of intermolecular force.
London dispersion forces are the strongest type of intermolecular force.
Name the intermolecular force responsible for the dissolution of salt in water.
Name the intermolecular force responsible for the dissolution of salt in water.
[Blank] is the intermolecular force that causes nonpolar molecules to be attracted to each other.
[Blank] is the intermolecular force that causes nonpolar molecules to be attracted to each other.
Which type of solution is formed when alcohol and water are mixed?
Which type of solution is formed when alcohol and water are mixed?
Air, being a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases, is an example of a solid-liquid solution.
Air, being a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases, is an example of a solid-liquid solution.
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, represents what type of solution?
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, represents what type of solution?
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water, such as in carbonated beverages, forms a ______ solution.
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water, such as in carbonated beverages, forms a ______ solution.
What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid when the pressure above the liquid is increased?
What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid when the pressure above the liquid is increased?
Stirring a solution generally decreases the rate of dissolution of a solute.
Stirring a solution generally decreases the rate of dissolution of a solute.
How does the particle size of a solute affect its rate of solubility?
How does the particle size of a solute affect its rate of solubility?
The solubility of gases in liquids tends to ______ as temperature decreases.
The solubility of gases in liquids tends to ______ as temperature decreases.
Match each solution type with the correct example:
Match each solution type with the correct example:
What is the main difference between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution?
What is the main difference between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution?
Miscibility refers to the ability of two substances to dissolve in each other in any proportion.
Miscibility refers to the ability of two substances to dissolve in each other in any proportion.
Explain why oil and water do not form a homogenous solution.
Explain why oil and water do not form a homogenous solution.
The molecular structures and the strengths of ______ determine the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
The molecular structures and the strengths of ______ determine the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
Which type of interaction is primarily responsible for the solubility of sugar in water?
Which type of interaction is primarily responsible for the solubility of sugar in water?
The chemical nature of the solute is irrelevant to its solubility in a liquid solution.
The chemical nature of the solute is irrelevant to its solubility in a liquid solution.
State the general rule that helps predict whether a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
State the general rule that helps predict whether a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
An additional factor that affects the rate of solubility is ______ the solution.
An additional factor that affects the rate of solubility is ______ the solution.
Match the type of solution with its description:
Match the type of solution with its description:
In the context of solutions, what does 'miscible' mean?
In the context of solutions, what does 'miscible' mean?
Flashcards
What is a solution?
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, consisting of a solute and a solvent.
What is a solvent?
What is a solvent?
The component of a solution present in the greatest amount; it dissolves the solute.
What is a solute?
What is a solute?
The component of a solution that is dissolved by the solvent.
What is dissolution?
What is dissolution?
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What is crystallization?
What is crystallization?
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What is a concentrated solution?
What is a concentrated solution?
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What is a dilute solution?
What is a dilute solution?
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What is a saturated solution?
What is a saturated solution?
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What is an unsaturated solution?
What is an unsaturated solution?
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What is a supersaturated solution?
What is a supersaturated solution?
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What is solubility?
What is solubility?
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What determines solubility?
What determines solubility?
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What is miscibility?
What is miscibility?
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What determines solution formation?
What determines solution formation?
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What is 'like dissolves like'?
What is 'like dissolves like'?
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How does temperature affect the solubility of solids?
How does temperature affect the solubility of solids?
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How does temperature affect the solubility of gases?
How does temperature affect the solubility of gases?
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How does pressure affect the solubility of gases?
How does pressure affect the solubility of gases?
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Study Notes
- Module 9 covers solutions
Key Objectives
- Define the components of a solution
- Differentiate saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions
- Describe the various interactions involved in the solution process
- Identify the factors that affect solubility
Mixtures vs Solutions
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
- Solutions consist of a solute and a solvent
Definition of Terms
- Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- Solutions are made up of a solute and a solvent
- Solvent: The component of a solution present in the greatest amount
- The solvent acts as the dissolution agent, dissolving the solute
- Solute: Another component of a solution that is dissolved by the solvent
- Dissolution: The dissolving process of the solute
- Crystallization: The opposite of dissolution, where the solute is undissolved
- Concentrated solution: A solution with a large amount of dissolved solute
- Dilute solution: A solution with a small amount of dissolved solute
Types of Solutions Based on Saturation
- Saturated solution: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent
- The solute concentration equals its solubility
- The rate of dissolution is slightly less than the rate of crystallization
- Additional amounts of solute will no longer dissolve
- Undissolved solid solute particles may remain
- Unsaturated solution: Contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent
- All solutes are completely dissolved
- Has less solute compared to a saturated solution
- If the rate of dissolution exceeds the rate of crystallization, the solution has not reached saturation
- Additional solute will readily dissolve
- No undissolved solute particles are visible
- Supersaturated solution: Contains more than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent
- Contains an amount of solute with a concentration exceeding its solubility
- The rate of crystallization is much greater than the rate of dissolution at a given temp
- A significant amount of undissolved solute or precipitates will appear
Types of Solutions by Phase
- Brine or salt solution: Solid-liquid phase, with salt (NaCl) as the solute and water (H2O) as the solvent
- Air: Gas-gas phase, with oxygen gas (O2) as the solute and nitrogen gas (N2) as the solvent
- Carbon dioxide in water: Gas-liquid phase, with carbon dioxide (CO2) as the solute and water (H2O) as the solvent
- Brass (Alloy of copper & zinc): Solid-solid phase, with copper (Cu) as the solute and zinc (Zn) as the solvent
- Mercury-Zinc amalgam: Liquid-solid phase, with mercury (Hg) as the solute and zinc (Zn) as the solvent
- Alcohol & water: Liquid-liquid phase, alcohol and water are miscible
Factors Affecting Solubility
- The higher the temperature, the higher the solubility of solids in liquids
- The higher the pressure, the higher the solubility of gases in liquids
- The lower the temperature, the higher the solubility of gases in liquids
- A solute's molecular structure and the strengths of intermolecular forces of attraction determine its solubility in a solvent
- The interactions that determine the solubility of a substance in a liquid solution depend largely on the chemical nature of the solute instead of its physical state
Solution Process
- Not all combinations of substances are homogeneous, with salt and water forming a solution while oil and water do not
- To predict solution formation, consider solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interactions
- Energy is required to break solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions in steps 1 and 2
- Energy is released in step 3 when solute particles are distributed within the solvent and new solute-solvent attractive forces are established
- The solution process is generally favorable when the total energy required in steps 1 and 2 is similar to the energy produced in step 3
- A solution forms only when the solute–solvent IMFA is as strong as the original solute–solute and solvent–solvent IMFAs
- Ion-dipole interactions of salt dissolving in water can overcome the existing ionic interactions in salt and hydrogen bonding in water
- Oil, made of nonpolar molecules held together by weaker London dispersion forces, is unlikely to form a solution with water
- "Like dissolves like" states that polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Components of a Solution
- Solute is the substance being dissolved
- Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving
- The solvent is typically the most abundant component in the solution
- Miscibility: Substances are soluble in each other in any proportion, so the terms "solute" and "solvent" lose their meaning
Solubility
- Solubility refers to the ability of a solute to be dissolved in a given solvent at a specified temperature
Factors Affecting Solubility of Solids in Liquids
- A solute may or may not dissolve at a given solvent
- Determined by the nature of the solute and solvent
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)
- Ion-dipole (40-600)
- H bond (10-40)
- Dipole-dipole (5-25)
- Ion-induced dipole (3-15)
- Dipole-induced dipole (2–10)
- Dispersion (0.05-40)
IMFA arranged in decreasing strength
- Ion-dipole > H-bonding > Dipole-dipole > Ion-induced dipole > Dipole-induced dipole > London Dispersion Forces
Like Dissolves Like
- When the forces within the solute are similar to those within the solvent, the forces can replace each other and a solution forms
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