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Questions and Answers
Solubility refers to the grams of _____ per 100g of _______.
Solubility refers to the grams of _____ per 100g of _______.
solute, solvent
Loose sugar dissolves much faster than a sugar cube because loose sugar has ____ _______ ___.
Loose sugar dissolves much faster than a sugar cube because loose sugar has ____ _______ ___.
more surface area
Sugar will dissolve ____ _______ in iced tea if you stir it.
Sugar will dissolve ____ _______ in iced tea if you stir it.
more quickly
You can make a solid solute dissolve more quickly in a solvent by _______ __.
You can make a solid solute dissolve more quickly in a solvent by _______ __.
Water can dissolve charged particles because water is _____.
Water can dissolve charged particles because water is _____.
An unsaturated solution is one that can:
An unsaturated solution is one that can:
What happens when a supersaturated solution cools down?
What happens when a supersaturated solution cools down?
In a solution, the substance that is being dissolved is the ______.
In a solution, the substance that is being dissolved is the ______.
A substance that does NOT conduct an electric current when it forms a solution is a ______________.
A substance that does NOT conduct an electric current when it forms a solution is a ______________.
Increasing the surface area of a solid ______ the rate of dissolving.
Increasing the surface area of a solid ______ the rate of dissolving.
When a gas is dissolved in a liquid, the gas dissolves faster if the liquid is ______.
When a gas is dissolved in a liquid, the gas dissolves faster if the liquid is ______.
The concentration of a solution that contains a large amount of solute in the solvent could be described as ____________.
The concentration of a solution that contains a large amount of solute in the solvent could be described as ____________.
A molecule that is positively charged on one end and negatively charged on the other end is _____.
A molecule that is positively charged on one end and negatively charged on the other end is _____.
The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature is its ____.
The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature is its ____.
A solid solute's _____ can often be increased by heating.
A solid solute's _____ can often be increased by heating.
Shaking or stirring a solution will make a solute _____ more quickly.
Shaking or stirring a solution will make a solute _____ more quickly.
A solute will dissolve more quickly if you increase its ______ ____ by breaking it into small pieces.
A solute will dissolve more quickly if you increase its ______ ____ by breaking it into small pieces.
Solutes dissolve faster if the solvent is ____.
Solutes dissolve faster if the solvent is ____.
Water is a ____ compound because its shared electrons are not spread evenly throughout each molecule.
Water is a ____ compound because its shared electrons are not spread evenly throughout each molecule.
Because so many substances can dissolve in water, it's often referred to as the ______ _____.
Because so many substances can dissolve in water, it's often referred to as the ______ _____.
A ______ solution is an unstable system.
A ______ solution is an unstable system.
A saturated solution contains the greatest quantity of ______ that will dissolve in a given quantity of _____.
A saturated solution contains the greatest quantity of ______ that will dissolve in a given quantity of _____.
Soap works because the negatively charged end of the hydrocarbon chain dissolves in _____, whereas the neutral end dissolves in ____.
Soap works because the negatively charged end of the hydrocarbon chain dissolves in _____, whereas the neutral end dissolves in ____.
A crystal of solute was dropped into a solution, and it dissolved. The original solution was ______.
A crystal of solute was dropped into a solution, and it dissolved. The original solution was ______.
A solution that contains all of the solute it can hold at a given temperature is _______.
A solution that contains all of the solute it can hold at a given temperature is _______.
If a crystal of solute is dropped into a solution and other crystals appear, the solution was _______.
If a crystal of solute is dropped into a solution and other crystals appear, the solution was _______.
Stirring ________ the speed of dissolving of a solid in a liquid.
Stirring ________ the speed of dissolving of a solid in a liquid.
Sugar is a molecule that does not ionize when dissolved in water. Will a sugar solution conduct electricity?
Sugar is a molecule that does not ionize when dissolved in water. Will a sugar solution conduct electricity?
Explain why a supersaturated solution is an unstable system.
Explain why a supersaturated solution is an unstable system.
Acids are substances that form _________ ___ (H₃O⁺) when dissolved in water.
Acids are substances that form _________ ___ (H₃O⁺) when dissolved in water.
When dissolved in water, all acids will ______ _________.
When dissolved in water, all acids will ______ _________.
A solution that is mildly acidic would have a pH of approximately __.
A solution that is mildly acidic would have a pH of approximately __.
The label on a bottle indicates that the substance inside has a pH of 13. This tells you that the substance is ________ _____.
The label on a bottle indicates that the substance inside has a pH of 13. This tells you that the substance is ________ _____.
When a solution of an acid reacts with a solution of a base, hydronium ions react with hydroxide ions to form _______ and _____.
When a solution of an acid reacts with a solution of a base, hydronium ions react with hydroxide ions to form _______ and _____.
What is a salt?
What is a salt?
An _____ is a substance that produces H⁺ ions in a water solution.
An _____ is a substance that produces H⁺ ions in a water solution.
A ____ is a substance that produces OH⁻ ions in a solution.
A ____ is a substance that produces OH⁻ ions in a solution.
____ measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
____ measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
An ________ changes color in the presence of an acid or base.
An ________ changes color in the presence of an acid or base.
Bitter taste and slippery feel are clues that a solution is probably a ____.
Bitter taste and slippery feel are clues that a solution is probably a ____.
_________ of a solution refers to the ease with which an acid or base forms ions in a solution.
_________ of a solution refers to the ease with which an acid or base forms ions in a solution.
A base that only partly ionizes in a solution is a ____ base.
A base that only partly ionizes in a solution is a ____ base.
PH measures the ____ of hydronium ions in a solution.
PH measures the ____ of hydronium ions in a solution.
Coffee has a pH of about 5. Coffee is ____.
Coffee has a pH of about 5. Coffee is ____.
An ____ is a compound that can change color in a solution, depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic.
An ____ is a compound that can change color in a solution, depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic.
An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) to form ______ ions when dissolved in water.
An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) to form ______ ions when dissolved in water.
A ____ is a substance that either contains hydroxide ions (OH⁻) or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.
A ____ is a substance that either contains hydroxide ions (OH⁻) or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.
Apple juice has a pH of 3, and stomach acid has a pH of 2. This means that stomach acid is _____ acidic than apple juice.
Apple juice has a pH of 3, and stomach acid has a pH of 2. This means that stomach acid is _____ acidic than apple juice.
PH is a measure of the ________ ___ _______ (H₃O⁺) concentration of a solution.
PH is a measure of the ________ ___ _______ (H₃O⁺) concentration of a solution.
In a ______ reaction, hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water and salt.
In a ______ reaction, hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water and salt.
Salts are ____ _______ formed when acids and bases react.
Salts are ____ _______ formed when acids and bases react.
Because lye contains hydroxide ions, it is a _____ _____.
Because lye contains hydroxide ions, it is a _____ _____.
What factor determines the strength of an acid or base?
What factor determines the strength of an acid or base?
How is the concentration of an acid or base different from the strength of an acid or base?
How is the concentration of an acid or base different from the strength of an acid or base?
What is an acid?
What is an acid?
What is a base?
What is a base?
Two common acids that are NOT harmful to the body when ingested and a product in which each is used: _____ ____ used in ______ and _______ used in _____
Two common acids that are NOT harmful to the body when ingested and a product in which each is used: _____ ____ used in ______ and _______ used in _____
One common base that is NOT harmful to the body when ingested and a product in which each is used: _____ ____ used in ______
One common base that is NOT harmful to the body when ingested and a product in which each is used: _____ ____ used in ______
Identify the following pHs as a strong base, a weak acid, a weak base, or a strong acid: 2 ______ 5 ______ 8 ______ 11 ______
Identify the following pHs as a strong base, a weak acid, a weak base, or a strong acid: 2 ______ 5 ______ 8 ______ 11 ______
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Study Notes
Solubility Concepts
- Solubility is defined as the grams of solute per 100g of solvent.
- The dissolving rate of loose sugar is faster due to having more surface area compared to sugar cubes.
- Stirring iced tea helps sugar dissolve more quickly.
- Heating increases the solubility of a solid solute in a solvent.
- Water's polar nature allows it to dissolve charged particles.
Solution Types
- An unsaturated solution can still dissolve more solute.
- Cooling a supersaturated solution causes the solute to separate from the solvent.
- In any solution, the substance being dissolved is referred to as the solute.
- A nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity in solution.
Factors Affecting Dissolution
- Increasing the surface area of a solid solute accelerates the dissolving process.
- Gases dissolve faster in liquids when the liquid is cooled.
- A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.
Polar and Non-Polar Characteristics
- Polar molecules have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other.
- Water is called the universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve many substances.
Solutions and Saturation
- A supersaturated solution is unstable and can contain more solute than a saturated solution, which contains the maximum solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.
- Soap's effectiveness comes from its dual nature: a negatively charged end that dissolves in water and a neutral end that dissolves in oil.
Acids and Bases
- Acids produce hydrogen ions (H₃O⁺) in water, leading to conductivity.
- A solution with a pH of about 7 is considered mildly acidic, with values below indicating stronger acidity.
- Strong acids and bases fully ionize in solutions, while weak ones do not.
pH and Indicators
- pH measures the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution; lower pH indicates higher acidity.
- Bitter taste and a slippery feel are characteristics of basic solutions.
- Indicators change color based on the acidity or basicity of the solution.
Neutralization Reactions
- Neutralization reactions produce water and salt as hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions react.
- Salts are ionic compounds formed from acid-base reactions.
Safety and Common Acids/Bases
- Common acids like acetic acid in vinegar and phosphoric acid in soft drinks are not harmful in small doses.
- Aluminum hydroxide is a safe base used in deodorants.
Distinguishing Acids and Bases
- An acid is defined as a substance producing hydrogen ions, while a base produces hydroxide ions in water.
- Strength refers to ionization completeness, while concentration is the amount dissolved.
pH Identification
- A pH of 2 designates a strong acid, 5 a weak acid, 8 a weak base, and 11 a strong base.
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