CLASS 6 CHEMISTRY: WATER

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Questions and Answers

What is the liquid that dissolves a solute called?

  • Solvent (correct)
  • Solution
  • Solute
  • Mixture

A homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent is known as what?

  • Compound
  • Element
  • Suspension
  • Solution (correct)

What term describes the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature?

  • Concentration
  • Dilution
  • Solubility (correct)
  • Saturation

What type of solution can dissolve more solute at a given temperature?

<p>Unsaturated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature?

<p>Saturated solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water that is safe for drinking called?

<p>Potable water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water is not considered potable because it lacks dissolved salts and can deplete essential minerals from the body?

<p>Distilled water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contamination of water by pollutants called?

<p>Water pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of preventing water wastage called?

<p>Water conservation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes water moving from the earth's surface to the atmosphere and back?

<p>Water cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for water?

<p>H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to absorb a lot of heat without a significant temperature change?

<p>High specific heat capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas?

<p>Evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of solutions, what is the substance that dissolves in a solvent called?

<p>Solute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water's role as a 'universal solvent' mean?

<p>It can dissolve most substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a crucial way water is used in agriculture?

<p>Irrigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes water to have a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom?

<p>Polarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process in the water cycle involves water vapor turning into clouds?

<p>Condensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what three states does water exist?

<p>Solid, liquid, gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes water's role as a habitat?

<p>A preferred place for organisms to live (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of water is most responsible for its ability to moderate temperature fluctuations in large bodies of water?

<p>High specific heat capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's polarity contribute to its role as a 'universal solvent'?

<p>By enabling it to form hydrogen bonds with many substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the property of cohesion in water?

<p>Water forming droplets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the water cycle, which process directly involves a change in state from liquid to gas?

<p>Evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water conservation important even in regions with plentiful freshwater resources?

<p>To ensure equitable distribution and prevent future shortages and environmental damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's high surface tension affect organisms living in aquatic ecosystems?

<p>It allows small insects to walk on the water surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity least contributes to water conservation efforts?

<p>Watering lawns during the hottest part of the day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might changes in the water cycle due to climate change affect agricultural practices?

<p>By increasing the frequency of droughts and floods, requiring adaptation strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule contribute to its polarity?

<p>Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industrial process typically utilizes water primarily for cooling purposes?

<p>Power generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in water?

<p>Solubility increases as temperature increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these activities is LEAST likely to contribute to water conservation?

<p>Constructing open canals for water transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is distilled water not recommended for regular human consumption?

<p>It lacks essential minerals and can deplete them from the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a water purification plant, what is the primary purpose of the sedimentation process?

<p>To remove suspended impurities by allowing them to settle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the water cycle?

<p>By releasing water vapor and heat, leading to cloud formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following human activities is most likely to cause thermal pollution in water bodies?

<p>Discharging cooled water from industrial processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a saturated solution from an unsaturated solution at a given temperature?

<p>A saturated solution cannot dissolve any more solute, while an unsaturated solution can. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water is most responsible for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances?

<p>Polarity of its molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is chlorination an important step in making water potable?

<p>It kills harmful bacteria and germs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does drip irrigation contribute to water conservation in agriculture compared to traditional flood irrigation?

<p>Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots, minimizing water loss through evaporation and runoff. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the consideration of temperature crucial when determining the solubility of a substance in water?

<p>The amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent changes with temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between potable water and distilled water regarding their suitability for human consumption?

<p>Distilled water is free of minerals and salts which may cause mineral deficiency, while potable water contains essential minerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would LEAST effectively address the issue of water pollution from agricultural runoff?

<p>Encouraging the use of chemical fertilizers, rather than organic, to reduce algae blooms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the construction of dams primarily contribute to water conservation efforts?

<p>By creating reservoirs that store water and regulate its distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant long-term risk associated with the continuous consumption of distilled water?

<p>Depletion of essential electrolytes and minerals from the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does thermal pollution primarily affect aquatic ecosystems?

<p>It reduces the solubility of oxygen, harming aquatic life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes sustainability practices in water usage for industrial purposes?

<p>Implementing closed-loop cooling systems to recycle water within the facility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering water's role as a coolant in both industrial processes and the human body, which property of water is most crucial for this function?

<p>Its high specific heat capacity, allowing it to absorb significant heat with minimal temperature change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the polarity of water molecules contribute to water's high surface tension?

<p>Through hydrogen bonding, creating an attraction between water molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alteration to the water cycle would pose the most significant threat to agriculture, based on water's role in irrigation and plant growth?

<p>A prolonged drought reducing available freshwater sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a decrease in water's polarity most likely affect its ability to act as a universal solvent?

<p>It would decrease its ability to dissolve most substances, especially polar and ionic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the water cycle, what is the most significant consequence of increased global temperatures on the rate of evaporation and precipitation patterns?

<p>An intensification of both evaporation and precipitation, potentially leading to more frequent and severe droughts and floods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a certain marine organism thrives in a habitat with high water cohesion, which environmental change would most critically threaten its survival?

<p>A significant reduction in water's surface tension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the importance of water in industrial cooling and manufacturing, what long-term effect would widespread thermal pollution have on water availability and usability?

<p>It would reduce the suitability of water for cooling purposes and harm aquatic ecosystems, limiting usable water resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the existence of water in all three states (solid, liquid, gas) significantly contribute to the Earth's climate system and energy balance?

<p>It facilitates the transport of heat through latent heat transfer during phase changes, influencing weather patterns and temperature distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is not important for human survival.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for water is $H_3O$.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water has a low specific heat capacity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaporation is when water falls to the ground as rain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water exists in two states – Solid and liquid only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A homogenous mixture of a solvent in a solute is called a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solubility refers to the minimum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unsaturated solution cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potable water is safe for drinking and human consumption.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solvent is a homogenous mixture containing a solute and a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solubility refers to the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent, typically measured in grams per minute.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unsaturated solution contains the maximum possible amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potable water must contain a high concentration of dissolved minerals to be considered safe for drinking.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distilled water is recommended for daily consumption because it contains essential salts and minerals beneficial for the human body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water pollution is solely caused by industrial chemical runoff; domestic sewage and natural bacteria do not contribute.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The water cycle involves only evaporation and precipitation, completely excluding the role of living organisms and combustion processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water's ability to dissolve a wide array of substances makes it a universal solute.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sedimentation, filtration, and fluoridation are the primary steps in a water purification plant to ensure potable water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drip irrigation is considered a method of water conservation in agriculture because it minimizes water wastage compared to traditional methods.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its low specific thermal capacity, water experiences significant temperature changes with only slight heat absorption or release.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water molecules strongly repel each other due to a property called high cohesion, preventing surface tension.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where water transforms from a liquid to a gaseous state and enters the atmosphere is known as precipitation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water being a polar molecule means it has evenly distributed electrical charges, making it a poor solvent for ionic compounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula of water is HO3, indicating one hydrogen atom and three oxygen atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because of its inability to dissolve a wide array of substances, water is a poor solvent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water’s primary role in the human body is to provide structural support, similar to the function of bones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water condenses, it transitions directly from a gaseous state to a solid state, bypassing the liquid phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution is called a solvent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of water in its solid, liquid and gaseous forms is unique to Earth when compared to other planets in our solar system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is not essential for human survival.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water helps regulate body temperature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is a non-polar molecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condensation is when water falls to the ground as rain, snow, or hail.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A liquid that allows a solute to dissolve is called a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A homogenous mixture of a solute in a solvent is called a solution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water pollution is the process of purification of water by removing pollutants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distilled water is considered potable water because it is very pure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water covers almost ¾ of the earth’s surface.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solvent is the substance that is being dissolved in a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A heterogeneous mixture of solute and solvent is called a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solubility is the minimum amount of solute that will dissolve completely in 200g of water at a specific temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A saturated solution can dissolve additional solute at a given temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potable water contains harmful germs and bacteria, making it unsafe to drink.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distilled water is ideal potable water because it contains essential salts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contamination of water by pollutants like bacteria, viruses, and chemicals is known as water purification.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cooling discharged water and using effective sewage systems can help prevent water pollution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water conservation involves actions that increase water wastage such as using potable water for irrigation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its high surface tension, water can easily deform under minimal external forces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The polarity of water molecules, with a slightly positive charge on the oxygen atom and a slightly negative charge on the hydrogen atoms, is essential for its solvent properties.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During condensation, water transitions directly from a gaseous state to a solid state, bypassing the liquid phase entirely.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heat capacity of water is relatively low, causing rapid changes in temperature with the addition or removal of heat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water's primary role in industry is limited to its use as a direct ingredient in the final product.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohesion in water refers to the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back is known as the alkali cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to water's inability to dissolve gases, aquatic life relies on other elements for respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula of water is HO3, which indicates one hydrogen atom and three oxygen atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the principles of water conservation, increasing water usage and ignoring leakages are recommended to ensure a sustainable water supply for the future.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to water's low specific heat capacity, marine ecosystems experience drastic temperature fluctuations, directly impacting the survival and reproductive cycles of aquatic organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous movement of water, driven solely by condensation and precipitation, defines the water cycle, ensuring a constant supply of freshwater to terrestrial ecosystems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The unique molecular geometry of water, characterized by a bond angle of 180 degrees, minimizes its polar nature, thus significantly reducing its effectiveness as a solvent for ionic compounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to water's non-polar nature, it cannot dissolve a wide variety of substances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The freezing point of water changes linearly with increasing pressure, meaning that at twice the standard atmospheric pressure, water freezes at exactly twice its normal freezing temperature

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A saturated solution is characterized by its ability to dissolve additional solute at a given temperature, indicating a dynamic equilibrium where the rate of dissolving equals the rate of precipitation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The universal solvent property of water arises solely from its polar nature, enabling it to effectively dissolve all ionic and polar compounds while remaining inert towards nonpolar substances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conservation of water primarily focuses on reducing water pollution from industrial and domestic sources, but it does not encompass strategies for efficient water usage in agriculture since this sector relies heavily on water consumption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of the water cycle involves a unidirectional flow from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back, without any significant lateral or subsurface water movement, thus maintaining a closed system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distillation is a water purification method that effectively removes all impurities, including beneficial minerals, rendering it an ideal and universally recommended source of potable water for all populations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is often called the '______ solvent' because it can dissolve a wide variety of substances.

<p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water helps to regulate body ______, preventing overheating.

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas is called ______.

<p>evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water molecules are attracted to each other through a property called ______, which helps hold them together.

<p>cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

A liquid that dissolves a solute is called a ______.

<p>solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent is called a ______.

<p>solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is the term to describe the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a particular temperature.

<p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution that can dissolve more solute is considered ______.

<p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water that is safe for drinking is called ______ water.

<p>potable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its ability to dissolve a wide array of substances such as sugar and salts, water is regarded as a '______'.

<p>universal solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous movement of water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back, involving processes like evaporation and precipitation, is known as the '______'.

<p>water cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; its chemical formula is '______'.

<p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where water changes from a liquid to a gas and enters the atmosphere is known as '______'.

<p>evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because water molecules are attracted to each other, they tend to stick together, a property known as '______'.

<p>cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is the maximum amount of solute in grams that will dissolve completely in 100 g of water at a particular temperature.

<p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water vapor in the atmosphere cools and changes back into liquid form, creating clouds, this is known as '______'.

<p>condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ______ solution can dissolve more of the solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

<p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The property of water that allows it to absorb a significant amount of heat without drastically changing temperature is known as its high '______'.

<p>specific heat capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] water is fit for human consumption and should be clear, colorless, and free from harmful substances.

<p>Potable</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution (e.g., sodium chloride in water) is known as the '______'.

<p>solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water is used to help regulate body temperature from the inside out, this is an example of how it '______ the body'.

<p>cools</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is completely free from dissolved salts, and its consumption can lead to a deficiency of essential salts in the human body.

<p>Distilled water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term for when water falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, or hail is '______'.

<p>precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contamination of water by pollutants such as bacteria, viruses, sewage, and chemicals is known as ______.

<p>water pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preventing wastage of water to ensure clean water availability involves ______ of water.

<p>conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water's ability to dissolve many substances makes it a ______.

<p>universal solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of water moving from the earth's surface to the atmosphere and back is known as the ______.

<p>water cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methods to prevent water pollution include proper sewage systems and ______ of water before discharge.

<p>cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its ability to dissolve a wide array of substances, water is often referred to as a '______'.

<p>universal solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back, involving processes like evaporation and condensation, is known as the '______'.

<p>water cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water's high '______' allows aquatic organisms to thrive, forming the basis for many ecosystems.

<p>habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substance that dissolves into a liquid to form a solution is called a '______'.

<p>solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water exists in three states - solid, liquid, and '______' depending on different temperatures.

<p>gaseous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where water is contaminated by bacteria, viruses, domestic sewage, and industrial chemicals is known as ______.

<p>water pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a homogeneous mixture where a solute is dissolved within a solvent.

<p>solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] water, though free from dissolved salts, is considered non-potable due to its tendency to deplete essential salts from the human body upon consumption.

<p>distilled</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] of water involves methods such as using recycled water, implementing rainwater harvesting, and employing drip irrigation in agriculture to minimize water wastage.

<p>conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the maximum amount of solute, measured in grams, required to achieve saturation in 100 grams of water at a specific temperature.

<p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three states of water.

<p>Solid, liquid, and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water called because of its ability to dissolve many substances?

<p>Universal solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where water changes from a liquid to a gas?

<p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for water falling back to earth from the atmosphere?

<p>Precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of water that allows it to absorb a lot of heat without a large temperature change?

<p>High specific heat capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attraction between water molecules called?

<p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to conserve water?

<p>Fix leaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance called that dissolves another substance in a solution?

<p>Solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent?

<p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a particular temperature?

<p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call water that is safe for humans to drink?

<p>Potable water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of a basic use of water?

<p>Household use, washing, fire fighting, transportation, generation of electricity, irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one way to conserve water?

<p>Recycled water, rain water harvesting, construction of dams, drip irrigation in agriculture and other water saving devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated solution, and how adding more solute affects each at a given temperature.

<p>A saturated solution cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature; adding more solute will result in undissolved solute at the bottom. An unsaturated solution can dissolve additional solute at the same temperature; adding more solute will result in it dissolving into the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how water's polarity contributes to its role as a universal solvent.

<p>Water's polarity allows it to interact with and dissolve a wide range of substances, including ionic compounds and other polar molecules, by disrupting their intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of the water cycle, including the key steps involved in the movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.

<p>The water cycle involves evaporation from bodies of water and transpiration from plants, followed by condensation in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation, and then precipitation back to Earth as rain or snow. This water then flows into streams, rivers, and seas, where the cycle begins again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between water's high specific heat capacity and its ability to regulate temperature in both living organisms and large bodies of water.

<p>Water's high specific heat capacity means it can absorb or release large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes. This helps maintain stable internal temperatures in organisms and moderates temperature fluctuations in oceans and lakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water often referred to as a 'universal solvent,' and what property of water allows it to dissolve so many different substances?

<p>Water is called a universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide variety of substances. Its polarity, due to the uneven distribution of electrical charge, allows it to interact with and dissolve both ionic and polar compounds effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the main steps involved in a typical water purification plant to convert raw water into potable water for household use.

<p>Water purification typically involves sedimentation to remove suspended impurities, filtration to further remove smaller particles, and chlorination to kill harmful germs and bacteria. The purified water is then stored in overhead tanks for distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the three major processes of the water cycle and explain how each contributes to the continuous movement of water on Earth.

<p>The three major processes are evaporation (water turns into vapor and rises), condensation (water vapor turns into liquid in the atmosphere), and precipitation (water falls back to Earth). Together they ensure the continuous movement of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how cohesion and surface tension benefit insects and other small organisms (e.g. water striders) in their aquatic environments.

<p>Cohesion creates surface tension which allows some insects to walk on water. The attraction between water molecules creates a 'film' that supports the weight of small organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key differences between potable and distilled water?

<p>Potable water is safe for drinking and contains some dissolved minerals and salts, while distilled water is completely free of dissolved minerals and salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss two specific ways that water is vital for industrial processes, beyond just acting as a solvent.

<p>Water is used for cooling machinery and equipment, preventing overheating, and as a raw material in the production of various goods, such as food, paper, and chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain two methods for conserving water and briefly describe how each method helps reduce water wastage.

<p>Two methods for conserving water are rain water harvesting, which collects and stores rainwater for later use, reducing reliance on treated water sources, and drip irrigation in agriculture, which delivers water directly to plant roots, minimizing water loss through evaporation and runoff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why conserving water is important, even in regions with abundant water sources.

<p>The Earth's supply of fresh water is finite and not evenly distributed. Thus, water conservation is crucial to ensure sustainable access and prevent potential shortages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify three common pollutants that contribute to water pollution, and describe their potential sources.

<p>Three common pollutants are bacteria and viruses from domestic sewage, industrial chemicals from manufacturing processes, and thermal pollution from power plants. Their sources include untreated sewage discharge, industrial waste effluents, and the release of heated water into natural water bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the properties of water support aquatic ecosystems and its importance to marine life.

<p>Water's solvency provides nutrients, its thermal properties maintain stable temperatures, and its density allows for floating habitats, sustaining diverse aquatic species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the influence of hydrogen bonds on at least two unique properties of water.

<p>Hydrogen bonds create water's high surface tension, allowing small organisms to walk on it. They also give water its high specific heat, which helps it regulate temperature effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the polarity of water molecules contributes to its high surface tension and cohesion properties.

<p>The polarity of water, with its slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen, leads to hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds create a strong attraction, resulting in high surface tension and cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how water's high specific heat impacts the regulation of temperature in both living organisms and large bodies of water.

<p>Water's high specific heat allows it to absorb or release significant amounts of heat with minimal temperature change. This stabilizes internal body temperatures in organisms and moderates temperature fluctuations in large water bodies, benefiting aquatic life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the importance of water as a universal solvent in biological systems, referencing specific examples of substances it dissolves.

<p>Water's ability to dissolve a wide range of substances like ions, sugars, and gases makes it essential for transporting nutrients and removing wastes in biological systems. For example, blood plasma (mostly water) carries oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluate the potential long-term consequences if the natural water cycle were disrupted and water were no longer efficiently recycled.

<p>Disrupting the water cycle could lead to severe droughts, ecosystem collapse, reduced agricultural yields, and decreased availability of potable water, causing widespread ecological and societal impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Propose two innovative strategies, beyond conventional methods, for conserving water in agriculture, considering both technological advancements and sustainable practices.

<ol> <li>Implementing precision irrigation systems using sensors and AI to deliver water only when and where needed. 2. Promoting the cultivation of drought-resistant crop varieties that require less water, based on the local climate conditions, and reduce overall strain on water resources.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the unique solvent properties of water contribute to both its vital role in sustaining life and its susceptibility to pollution.

<p>Water's polarity allows it to dissolve a wide range of substances which is essential for biological processes and makes it susceptible to dissolving pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between a saturated and unsaturated solution, then explain how temperature affects the solubility of a solute in each type of solution.

<p>A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature, while an unsaturated solution can dissolve more. Increasing temperature generally increases the solubility of solids, allowing more solute to dissolve in both, but has a limited effect once saturation is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is distilled water considered non-potable, and what implications does its consumption have on human health?

<p>Distilled water lacks essential minerals and electrolytes. Consuming it can disrupt electrolyte balance, potentially leading to mineral deficiencies and health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key processes involved in a typical water purification plant and explain how each process contributes to making water potable.

<p>Sedimentation removes suspended particles, filtration removes finer impurities, and chlorination disinfects by killing harmful bacteria. These processes collectively ensure water is safe for consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the difference between chemical and thermal water pollution, providing examples of the sources of each and their potential environmental impacts.

<p>Chemical pollution involves the introduction of harmful substances like industrial chemicals, while thermal pollution involves the discharge of heated water. Chemical pollution can toxic effects on aquatic life, while thermal pollution can disrupt ecosystems by altering water temperatures and oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Importance of Water

Essential for human survival and various biological processes.

Water's Chemical Formula

H2O: Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Cohesion

Water molecules are attracted to each other

Evaporation

Change from liquid to vapor phase

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Condensation

Water vapor turns into clouds

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Precipitation

Water falls as rain, snow, or hail.

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Habitat

Preferred place for an organism to live

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States of Water

Solid (ice), Liquid (water), and Gas (steam).

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Water Cycle

Continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and atmosphere.

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Solute

Substance that dissolves another substance

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Solvent

The liquid that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

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Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in 100g of water at a specific temperature.

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Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can still dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

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Saturated Solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature.

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Potable Water

Water that is safe for drinking and human consumption.

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Distilled Water

Water completely free from dissolved salts, making it unsuitable for regular drinking.

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Water Pollution

Contamination of water by pollutants like bacteria, sewage, and chemicals.

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Conservation of Water

Preventing water wastage and protecting water sources.

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Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve a wide array of substances.

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High Specific Heat Capacity

Water absorbs/releases substantial heat without drastic temperature changes.

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Cohesion of Water

The clinging together of water molecules.

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High Surface Tension

Water's resistance to rupture or stretching on its surface.

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Water Conservation

Using less water and protecting water sources.

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Water in Agriculture

Water is essential for plant growth and irrigation.

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Water purification

The process of removing impurities to make water safe.

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Water: Universal Solvent

Water dissolves a wide array of substances.

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Water Cohesion

The force that holds water molecules together.

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Water as a Habitat

Water's role as a dwelling for plants and animals.

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High Specific Heat

Water's ability to moderate temperature due to its capacity to absorb or release heat without significant temperature change.

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Surface Tension

The attraction between water molecules at the surface, creating a 'skin' that resists external forces.

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Water's Cooling Effect

Water helps to regulate body temperature through processes like sweating, which cools the body as it evaporates.

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Ways to Conserve Water

Using less water to protect limited resources.

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Water Contamination

Contamination of water by substances, making it unfit for use and harming ecosystems.

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Purified Water

Removing impurities from water via sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

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Water for Drinking

Water is essential for consumption.

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Water in Industry

Water is used in many industrial processes.

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Water Polarity

The slightly positive charge on hydrogen and slightly negative charge on oxygen within a water molecule.

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Water cools the body

Water helps to regulate body temperature.

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Conserving Water

Reducing water usage, fixing leaks, using efficient appliances.

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Water Surface Tension

The force allowing water to resist an external force.

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Water: Essential for Life

Water is critical to all known life.

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What is a Solute?

Substance disappears in the solvent.

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What is a Solvent?

The substance that dissolves something.

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Water on Earth

Water covers almost ¾ of the Earth’s surface.

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Uses of Water

Household, industrial, agricultural, and transportation purposes.

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Water's Three States

Solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam).

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Water Cycle Steps

Evaporation, respiration, forming clouds and precipitation.

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Water purification process

Impurities removed via sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

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Ways to save water

Usage of recycled water, rainwater harvesting, and drip irrigation

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Sources of water pollution

Domestic sewage, industrial chemicals and bacteria's.

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Avoiding water pollution

Proper sewage systems & cooling of water, before discharging.

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Evaporative Cooling

Cooling through evaporation.

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Essential for Life

Necessary for human survival

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Three States of Matter

Water exists in three states – Solid, liquid & gaseous

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Water molecules are attracted to each other

Water is attracted to other water molecule

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Solute Defined

The substance which dissolves or disappears in the solvent to form a solution.

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Evaporation Defined

Water evaporates from the oceans, lakes, and rivers into the atmosphere.

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Precipitation Defined

Water falls to the ground as rain, snow, or hail.

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Water's Heat Capacity

Water can absorb and release a lot of heat energy without a large change in temperature.

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Water & cool

Water is used in the cooling of machinery.

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Water Evaporation

Water from rivers, sea, respiration, burning of fossil fuels lead to cloud formation.

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Water cooling process

The process of cooling water before it discharged

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Sewage systems

Proper waste management is used to avoid water pollution

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Water pollution sources

Bacteria, viruses, domestic sewage & industrial chemicals pollute or contaminate water

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Water Pollution Defined

The process where water becomes contaminated by pollutants.

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Water Conservation Defined

Preventing water wastage and protecting water sources for future use.

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Water Conservation Methods

Recycling water, rainwater harvesting, and efficient irrigation systems.

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Water Purification Steps

Sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

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What is Solubility?

The ability of a substance to dissolve another.

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Why We Drink Water

Water is essential for human consumption.

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Water?

Water has high, the ability to fight external forces.

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Heat Capacity

Water's absorption without temperature change.

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Reduced Water Usage

Fix leaks to save.

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What is a Solution?

A homogeneous mixture of solute in a solvent.

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What Determines Solubility?

Maximum solute (in grams) that dissolves in 100g water at a specific temperature.

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What is an Unsaturated Solution?

A solution that can still dissolve more solute.

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What is a Saturated Solution?

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.

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What is Potable Water?

Water safe for drinking and human use.

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What about Distilled Water?

Water completely free from dissolved salts.

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What is Water Pollution?

Contamination of water by pollutants.

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What is Water Conservation?

Preventing water wastage and protecting water sources

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What Pollutes Water?

Bacteria, viruses, sewage, chemicals.

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Potable Water Defined

Water suitable for drinking; clear, germ-free, and good tasting.

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What Causes Pollution in Water?

Water contaminated by bacteria, chemicals, or sewage.

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Defined: Water Conservation

Preventing water waste and protecting water sources.

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Purification Steps for Water

Sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.

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Water's Composition

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, chemically bonded.

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Water's Heat Regulation

Water absorbs and releases heat without extreme temperature changes, regulating our environment.

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Agriculture

Water is essential for plant growth and irrigation

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Condensation Defined

Water condenses into clouds.

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Water- Marine Life

Marine life exists in water.

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What is Sedimentation?

Removal of suspended impurities using gravity.

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Filtration

Removes suspended impurities from water.

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What is Chlorination?

Kills harmful germs in water using chlorine.

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Water as a Solvent

Ability to dissolve various substances

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Water's Specific Heat

Amount of heat to raise water temperature.

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Meaning of Precipitation

Water returns to earth as rain, snow, or hail.

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Water's High Surface Tension

Resistance to external forces due to attraction between surface molecules.

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High Specific Heat of Water

Water's ability to absorb/release heat without significant temperature change.

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Solubility Defined

Maximum solute (in grams) that dissolves completely in 100g of water at a specific temperature.

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Study Notes

Importance of Water

  • Water is crucial for human survival.
  • Water is a universal solvent, capable of dissolving various substances.
  • Water helps regulate body temperature, cooling the body when necessary.
  • Life processes, household activities like washing and firefighting, and transportation are some basic uses of water.
  • Industrial uses include power generation.
  • Agricultural uses include irrigation.

Structure of Water

  • The chemical formula for water is H2O.
  • One water molecule comprises two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
  • Water is a polar molecule, featuring a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom.

Properties of Water

  • Water exhibits high surface tension, allowing it to resist external forces.
  • High specific heat capacity allows water to absorb and release substantial heat energy without significant temperature changes.
  • Water molecules are attracted to each other, resulting in cohesion that helps hold them together.

Uses of Water

  • Drinking water is essential for human consumption.
  • Agriculture necessitates water for plant growth and irrigation.
  • Water is used in various industrial processes that include manufacturing and cooling.
  • Household uses include washing and firefighting.
  • Industrial uses include power generation and electricity.
  • Agricultural uses include irrigation.
  • Daily life processes and transportation depend on water.

Water Cycle

  • Water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers into the atmosphere.
  • Water vapor condenses, forming clouds.
  • Water falls back to the ground as rain, snow, or hail through precipitation.
  • The water cycle is a natural process circulating water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back as rainwater.
  • Evaporation from rivers and seas, respiration, and burning fossil fuels result in cloud formation.
  • Rainwater flows into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the sea, where it evaporates, contributing to cloud formation.

Conservation of Water

  • Water is a limited resource that needs to be conserved.
  • To conserve water, reduce usage, fix leaks, and use efficient appliances.
  • Water conservation prevents wastage, secures clean water, prevents river water pollution, and protects water sources.
  • Prevent water pollution with proper sewage systems and cooling water before discharge.
  • Conservation methods include using recycled water, rainwater harvesting, constructing dams, drip irrigation in agriculture, and employing water-saving devices.

Water as a Habitat

  • Water offers a habitat for marine life, a preferred living place for organisms.

States of Water

  • Water exists in three states: solid (ice), liquid, and gaseous (steam).
  • Water exists in a solid state when freezing.
  • At room temperature, water exists in a liquid state.
  • When water boils, it turns into steam or water vapor, thus existing in a gaseous state.

Water as a Solvent

  • Water dissolves almost every common substance, making it a universal solvent.
  • Many substances, such as sugar and salts, dissolve in water.
  • Many gases, like ammonia and hydrogen chloride, dissolve in water.
  • Adding copper sulfate (solute) to water results in a copper sulfate solution.
  • Water is the medium of dissolution and is the solvent, and the homogenous mixture is a copper sulphate solution.

Solute

  • The substance that dissolves in a liquid (solvent) to form a solution, exemplified by sodium chloride in water, is a solute.
  • A solute dissolves or disappears in the solvent to form a solution, such as sodium chloride in water.

Solvent

  • The liquid, such as water, that dissolves a solute to form a solution is called a solvent.
  • The liquid or medium of dissolution allows the solute to dissolve, forming a solution like water.

Solution

  • A homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent is a solution.

Solubility

  • The maximum amount of solute in grams that will dissolve completely (saturate) in 100 grams of water at a particular temperature.
  • If ‘X’ grams of the solute is added to 100 g. of water at t°C and stirred, an unsaturated solution is obtained that can dissolve more of the solute at that temperature.
  • If a further ‘X+ Y’ g. of the solute is added to 100 g. of water at t°C and stirred, the solute just remains behind, forming a saturated solution.
  • Thus, ‘X + Y,’ the amount of solute, is the solubility of the solute at t°C.
  • Solubility is the amount of solute that will saturate 100 g of water at t°C.

Unsaturated Solution

  • An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

Saturated Solution

  • A saturated solution cannot dissolve more solute in a solvent at a given temperature.

Potable Water

  • Potable water is fit for human consumption and drinking purposes.
  • Potable water should be clear, colorless, free from harmful germs or bacteria, free from dangerous salts, and have a good taste.

Distilled Water

  • Distilled water is completely free from dissolved salts; when consumed, will tend to dissolve essential salts from the human body, causing its deficiency; hence, it is non-potable.
  • Distilled water & sea water are considered non-potable water since they are unfit for human consumption.

Water Pollution

  • Water pollution involves contaminating water with pollutants, including bacteria, viruses, domestic sewage, and industrial chemicals.
  • Bacteria, viruses, domestic sewage & industrial chemicals pollute or contaminate water.
  • Types of pollution in water include chemical and thermal pollution.
  • Methods to avoid pollution of water include proper sewage systems and cooling of water before discharging.

Water Distribution

  • Water covers almost ¾ of the Earth’s surface and occurs in free & combined state.

Water Purification

  • Purifying water must remove dissolved minerals, gases, suspended impurities, and disease-causing bacteria to provide potable water.
  • Purification plants include sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination tanks.
  • Sedimentation and filtration remove suspended impurities, and chlorination eliminates harmful germs.
  • A purification plant includes sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination tanks with overhead tanks that enter homes.

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