Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of view in the 4 + 1 view model shows the key abstractions in the system as objects or object classes?
What type of view in the 4 + 1 view model shows the key abstractions in the system as objects or object classes?
Which architectural pattern is characterized by allowing only one instance of a class?
Which architectural pattern is characterized by allowing only one instance of a class?
Which view of the 4 + 1 model illustrates the hardware system and the distribution of software components?
Which view of the 4 + 1 model illustrates the hardware system and the distribution of software components?
What is the focus of structural design patterns?
What is the focus of structural design patterns?
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In software engineering, what do design patterns primarily facilitate?
In software engineering, what do design patterns primarily facilitate?
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What is the primary output of the architectural design process?
What is the primary output of the architectural design process?
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Which aspect does architectural design primarily link?
Which aspect does architectural design primarily link?
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What distinguishes architecture in the large from architecture in the small?
What distinguishes architecture in the large from architecture in the small?
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What is one advantage of having an explicit software architecture?
What is one advantage of having an explicit software architecture?
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What is a common criticism of simple block diagrams used in architectural representations?
What is a common criticism of simple block diagrams used in architectural representations?
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What is an important use of architectural models during the design process?
What is an important use of architectural models during the design process?
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Which characteristic of architectural design increases the cost of changes?
Which characteristic of architectural design increases the cost of changes?
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What role does architectural design play in system analysis?
What role does architectural design play in system analysis?
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What is the primary aim of producing a complete system model in architectural design?
What is the primary aim of producing a complete system model in architectural design?
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Which aspect of architectural design is not typically influenced by the architectural design decisions?
Which aspect of architectural design is not typically influenced by the architectural design decisions?
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What should be included in the architecture to enhance availability?
What should be included in the architecture to enhance availability?
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Which of the following architectural styles is typically recommended for enhancing security?
Which of the following architectural styles is typically recommended for enhancing security?
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Which approach aids in documenting a system's architecture effectively?
Which approach aids in documenting a system's architecture effectively?
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What is a characteristic of architectural patterns or styles?
What is a characteristic of architectural patterns or styles?
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How can maintainability be improved in a system architecture?
How can maintainability be improved in a system architecture?
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When structuring a system, which question is essential in the architectural design process?
When structuring a system, which question is essential in the architectural design process?
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Study Notes
Software Engineering - Architectural Design
- The design process for identifying sub-systems, the framework for sub-system control and communication is architectural design
- The output of this design process describes the software architecture
- Architectural design is an early stage of system design
- It links specification and design processes, often done in parallel with specification activities
- Identifying major system components and their communications is part of architectural design
- Changes in architectural design are not incremental; the cost of changing later is high, even in agile projects
Topics Covered in Architectural Design
- Architectural design decisions
- Architectural views
- Architectural styles/patterns
- Application architecture
Architecture of a Packing Robot Control System
- A diagram depicts a packing robot system
- Components include vision system, object identification system, arm controller, gripper controller, packaging selection system, and conveyor controller.
Architectural Abstraction
- Architecture in the small focuses on individual program architecture
- It concerns how an individual program is decomposed into components
- Architecture in the large focuses on complex enterprise systems, including other systems, programs, and program components
- These systems are often distributed over multiple computers owned by different companies.
Advantages of Explicit Architecture
- Stakeholder communication: Architecture can be a focal point for discussions among stakeholders
- System analysis: Helps analyze if the system meets its non-functional requirements
- Large-scale reuse: Architecture can be reused in various systems, leading to product-line architectures
Architectural Representations
- Simple block diagrams showing entities and relationships are frequently used to document software architecture
- These diagrams lack semantics, don't show all relationships, and don't always depict all entity properties
Use of Architectural Models
- Facilitating discussion on system design
- High-level architectural views are helpful for communication and project planning
- They avoid clutter with details
- System stakeholders can understand the overall system without getting bogged down in the minutiae
- Useful for documenting designs
Architectural Design Decisions
- Design is a creative process, methods change with the type of system
- Some common decisions impact non-functional characteristics
Further Architectural Design Decisions
- Generic application architecture?
- Distribution strategy?
- Architectural design styles?
- Structural approach for the system?
- Decomposition into modules?
- Control strategy to employ?
- Architecture evaluation method?
- Documentation strategy?
Architecture Reuse
- Systems in the same domain often have similar architectures reflecting domain concepts
- Application product lines are usually based on a core architecture with variants to meet specific customer needs
- Architectural patterns capture the essence of an architecture that can be instantiated in different ways
Architecture and System Characteristics
- Performance: Localize critical operations, minimize comms; use large components
- Security: Layered architecture, inner layers for critical assets
- Safety: Safety-critical features in a small number of sub-systems
- Availability: Redundant components and fault tolerance
- Maintainability: Fine-grained, replaceable components
Architectural Views
- Which views/perspectives are useful in designing and documenting a system?
- Suitable notations for describing architectural models?
- Each model shows one perspective of the system
- The model could show how the system is broken down into modules, interaction of runtime processes, different distribution approaches, etc
4+1 View Model of Software Architecture (Krutchén)
- Logical view: system as objects (requirements)
- Process view: interactions at run-time
- Development view: software decomposition for development
- Physical view: hardware and distribution
- User view complements the other four views
Architectural Patterns
- Patterns allow for knowledge representation, sharing, and reuse
- They're formalized descriptions of tried-and-true design practices across several environments
- Useful when/not useful information should be in the description
- Represented via tabular and graphical descriptions
Design Patterns (Categorization)
- Creational: Singleton, Factory, Builder, Prototype, Abstract Factory
- Structural: Adapter, Decorator, Facade, Composite, Proxy, Bridge
- Behavioral: Strategy, Template Method, Observer, Command, State, Visitor, Chain of Responsibility
UML: Basic Class
- Conceptual UML diagrams are shown
- Example includes the
Carclass with attributes (wheel count, running) and methods (startEngine, setSpeed)
UML: Directed Association
- Conceptual and example UML diagrams for showing object relationships are shown (Person, Car)
UML: Class Extension/Inheritance
- UML diagrams explain how a class extends or inherits from another (e.g.,
Fancy CarextendingCar)
UML: Interface Implementation
- UML explanation of a class implementing an interface (example:
CarimplementingICar)
UML Aggregations
- UML diagrams for aggregation relationships (e.g.,
Bookin aLibrary)
UML Composition
- UML diagrams for composition relationships (e.g.,
Wingsin anAeroplane)
Creational Design Patterns (Introduction)
Singleton Pattern
- Singleton instance creation ensuring only one object exists
- Client application interacts to use the instance.
Singleton Pattern - Use Case
- Shows a leader board system where instances of the
Leaderboardare shared across games
Prototype Pattern
- Cloning of objects is a focus of this pattern
Prototype Pattern - Use Case
- Shows how to clone records, especially when needed for reuse
Factory Pattern
- Use of factory classes to create objects
Factory Pattern - Use Case
- Shows chair creation using a
ChairFactory
Builder Pattern
- This pattern allows the creation of complex objects step-by-step.
- Director class creates the builder and instructs it.
Builder Pattern - Use Case
- A use case shows creation of houses using directors (e.g., house type) and builders to ensure construction elements are set properly
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of architectural design in software engineering, including the design process, architectural views, and styles. It also explores the architecture of a packing robot control system, focusing on system components and their interactions. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in software architecture.
