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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of transaction-based information systems?
What is a key characteristic of transaction-based information systems?
Which layer is responsible for managing input and output in a layered information system architecture?
Which layer is responsible for managing input and output in a layered information system architecture?
In a layered architecture of an information system, which layer contains application-specific logic for accessing the database?
In a layered architecture of an information system, which layer contains application-specific logic for accessing the database?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding information systems?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding information systems?
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What is NOT a layer in the generic architecture of information systems?
What is NOT a layer in the generic architecture of information systems?
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What is an example of an architectural pattern?
What is an example of an architectural pattern?
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Which characteristic emphasizes minimizing communication by localizing critical operations?
Which characteristic emphasizes minimizing communication by localizing critical operations?
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What is a key strategy for ensuring system security according to architectural design principles?
What is a key strategy for ensuring system security according to architectural design principles?
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The architecture of a system can often be described as built around which of the following?
The architecture of a system can often be described as built around which of the following?
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To enhance maintainability, which component design is recommended?
To enhance maintainability, which component design is recommended?
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What approach can be employed to ensure system availability?
What approach can be employed to ensure system availability?
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In terms of safety, how should safety-critical features be organized?
In terms of safety, how should safety-critical features be organized?
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What is the primary function of the Model component in the MVC pattern?
What is the primary function of the Model component in the MVC pattern?
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Which advantage does the MVC pattern provide in application design?
Which advantage does the MVC pattern provide in application design?
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In what scenario is the MVC pattern particularly useful?
In what scenario is the MVC pattern particularly useful?
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Which component of the MVC pattern is responsible for managing user interactions such as mouse clicks?
Which component of the MVC pattern is responsible for managing user interactions such as mouse clicks?
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How are architectural patterns generally represented?
How are architectural patterns generally represented?
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What interaction does the View component handle in the MVC pattern?
What interaction does the View component handle in the MVC pattern?
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What is a contribution of architectural patterns in software development?
What is a contribution of architectural patterns in software development?
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Why might it be inappropriate to use the MVC pattern when designing certain applications?
Why might it be inappropriate to use the MVC pattern when designing certain applications?
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What role does the Controller component play in the MVC architecture?
What role does the Controller component play in the MVC architecture?
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What is a major advantage of the client-server architecture?
What is a major advantage of the client-server architecture?
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Which statement best describes the impact of server failure in a client-server system?
Which statement best describes the impact of server failure in a client-server system?
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When should client-server architecture be preferred?
When should client-server architecture be preferred?
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What is a disadvantage of the client-server model concerning performance?
What is a disadvantage of the client-server model concerning performance?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the client-server model?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the client-server model?
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What problem may arise when servers are managed by different organizations?
What problem may arise when servers are managed by different organizations?
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In a client-server architecture, what role do clients play?
In a client-server architecture, what role do clients play?
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What aspect may lead to unpredictable performance in a client-server system?
What aspect may lead to unpredictable performance in a client-server system?
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What kind of services can be accessed through a client-server architecture?
What kind of services can be accessed through a client-server architecture?
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What does 'single point of failure' mean in the context of client-server architecture?
What does 'single point of failure' mean in the context of client-server architecture?
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What is the primary function of the Repository pattern in software architecture?
What is the primary function of the Repository pattern in software architecture?
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Which scenario is most appropriate for employing the Repository architecture?
Which scenario is most appropriate for employing the Repository architecture?
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How do components interact in a system that utilizes the Repository pattern?
How do components interact in a system that utilizes the Repository pattern?
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What is a characteristic feature of systems designed with the Repository pattern?
What is a characteristic feature of systems designed with the Repository pattern?
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What does the Repository architecture typically trigger when data is added?
What does the Repository architecture typically trigger when data is added?
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Which of these statements is NOT true regarding the Repository architecture?
Which of these statements is NOT true regarding the Repository architecture?
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What is a disadvantage of using the Repository pattern?
What is a disadvantage of using the Repository pattern?
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In the context of the Repository pattern, what is a common method for data exchange?
In the context of the Repository pattern, what is a common method for data exchange?
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When is it advisable to avoid using the Repository pattern?
When is it advisable to avoid using the Repository pattern?
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Which component does NOT typically feature in Repository architecture?
Which component does NOT typically feature in Repository architecture?
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Study Notes
Architectural Design
- Architectural design is about understanding how a software system is organized and designing its structure.
- It links design to requirements engineering.
- It identifies components and their relationships.
- The output is an architectural model describing the system.
- Architectural design is often done simultaneously with other specification work.
Agility and Architecture
- Agile processes often start with designing an overall system architecture.
- Incremental architecture development is often unsuccessful.
- System architecture refactoring is usually costly, impacting many components.
Packing Robot Control System Architecture
- The system has components like a vision system, object identification system, arm controller, gripper controller, packaging selection system, packaging system, and conveyor controller.
- The diagram shows how these components interact.
Architectural Abstraction
- Architectural design overlaps significantly with requirements engineering.
- Non-functional requirements greatly impact system architecture.
- Architectures can be designed at two levels:
- Architecture in the small: Individual program's structure.
- Architecture in the large: Complex enterprise systems are distributed across multiple (potentially different company) machines, encompassing multiple programs.
Advantages of Explicit Architecture
- Facilitates stakeholder communication, showing the system to reviewers.
- Enables system analysis, to verify functional and non-functional requirements (performance, reliability, maintainability).
- Aids in large-scale reuse, as a model of the system structure.
Architectural Representations
- Simple block diagrams are common, showing entities and relationships, with boxes for components and arrows for relationships.
- However, they lack semantics (no types or properties of entities).
- Box and line diagrams are helpful in communication with stakeholders/project planning.
Use of Architectural Models
- Facilitates discussion with stakeholders.
- They are used for documenting an architecture design (showing components, interfaces, connections).
- High-level architectural views are less cluttered and easier to understand than highly detailed ones.
Architectural Design Decisions
- Architectural design is a creative process where decisions are made about organization based on functional and non-functional requirements.
- There's no one-size-fits-all process; decisions depend on type of system, architect experience, and specific requirements.
- Common structural decisions significantly impact system development.
Architecture Reuse
- Systems with similar domains often have similar architectural structures.
- Application product lines frequently reuse core architectures with variants.
- Architectures can be based on patterns or "styles" (descriptions of system organization).
Architecture and System Characteristics
- Key characteristics of systems include performance/communication (localization/replication), security (inner layers protect critical data), safety (localize safety critical features), availability (redundancy), and maintainability (modular design).
Architectural Views
- Different views are created to document a complex system.
- Different notations are used to clearly depict different aspects.
- Different views display the system from different perspectives (design, implementation/process, physical deployment).
4 + 1 View Model of Software Architecture
- Models describe logical (components), process (runtime interaction), development (components), physical (deployment), and scenarios (use cases).
Representing Architectural Views
- UML is sometimes criticized for being insufficient for high-level system architecture.
- informal notations or Architectural Description Languages (ADLs) may be easier for high-level documentation.
Architectural Patterns
- Patterns are reusable designs, often summarized in tables and diagrams.
- Patterns provide design examples and help solve design issues common across different applications.
Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern
- This pattern is useful in situations where the data and presentation (Views) can change independently.
- Key components are the Model, which manages data; the View, which manages user interface; and the Controller, which handles user interaction.
Web Application Architecture Using MVC
- Illustrates a web client-server application using the MVC pattern.
- The diagram shows how user interaction flows though the components of the design.
Layered Architecture
- The system is modeled as layers of services.
- Each layer relies only on the layer beneath it, supporting independence.
- It simplifies the process since changes in a layer rarely impact others.
- Change and portability are supported (only adjacent layers are impacted by changes elsewhere.)
Repository Architecture
- A repository is a central point where components store and access data.
- Sub-systems may communicate by either sharing data in a repository (frequently used) or by passing it directly.
Client-Server Architecture
- This describes a system organized as servers providing services to requesting clients.
- Client-server systems are usually distributed across a network.
- The model emphasizes server-client separation (separate components).
Pipe and Filter Architecture
- Data flows through a sequence of transformations, with each component being a "filter".
- Data gets processed in steps until the desired output is produced.
- Suitable for batch-type processes.
The Pipe and Filter Patterns
- This pattern is one where the steps of a data transformation are handled by distinct components- "Filters".
- The steps of processing are designed into a pipeline.
Application Architectures
- Application systems are designed around business needs, and frequently share common architectures.
- A generic application architecture encapsulates common elements.
- These common structures/architectures are often adapted to new tasks, systems, or businesses.
Use of Application Architectures
- Application architectures are used as a foundation, checklist, organizational tool, and vocabulary for understanding.
Examples of Application Types
- Data processing (batch processing), Transaction processing (database updates), Event processing, and Language processing.
Transaction Processing Systems
- Transaction processing involves sequences of operations that are treated as atomic.
- Systems involving user input that changes database records, such as ATM transactions or order fulfillment.
Information Systems Architecture
- Information systems that interact with shared databases have certain characteristics.
- Often implemented as layered architectures to help separate functionality in the system (and to handle users).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of architectural design in software engineering. It explores system organization, component relationships, and the significance of architectural models. Additionally, it discusses the impact of agility on architecture and the specific architecture of a packing robot control system.
