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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of Reference Groups?
What is the purpose of Reference Groups?
To form identity and serve as a point of reference in decision-making.
What are the basic characteristics of a Primary Group?
What are the basic characteristics of a Primary Group?
Post Marital Residency Rule defines where the married couple will live after marriage.
Post Marital Residency Rule defines where the married couple will live after marriage.
True
Social groups that an individual feels loyalty and respect for belong to _____ groups.
Social groups that an individual feels loyalty and respect for belong to _____ groups.
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Match the following types of families with their descriptions:
Match the following types of families with their descriptions:
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What is the belief that only one all-powerful god exists?
What is the belief that only one all-powerful god exists?
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Polytheism is the belief that there is only one all-powerful god.
Polytheism is the belief that there is only one all-powerful god.
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What is the system typically characterized by clergy and hierarchical leadership?
What is the system typically characterized by clergy and hierarchical leadership?
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Traditional Healing System is based on knowledge, skills, and practices that are indigenous to different ____________.
Traditional Healing System is based on knowledge, skills, and practices that are indigenous to different ____________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the term used to describe the animist religion in the Philippines?
What is the term used to describe the animist religion in the Philippines?
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Animism emphasizes belief in the existence of only one spiritual deity.
Animism emphasizes belief in the existence of only one spiritual deity.
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Animism involves the belief that everything has a spirit: trees, birds, rainstorms, and ____. (Fill in the blank)
Animism involves the belief that everything has a spirit: trees, birds, rainstorms, and ____. (Fill in the blank)
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What does Shinto, a nature-based spirituality, literally mean?
What does Shinto, a nature-based spirituality, literally mean?
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What is the term used to describe the concept where beliefs cut across social status and international borders?
What is the term used to describe the concept where beliefs cut across social status and international borders?
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What is another human right, aside from education, that is prioritized by the state through providing health services?
What is another human right, aside from education, that is prioritized by the state through providing health services?
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What are the components of the universal minimum standard of health individuals are entitled to?
What are the components of the universal minimum standard of health individuals are entitled to?
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The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.
The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.
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Social stratification system permits relatively more mobility, housing, and a healthy environment, offering almost no chance or possibility of allowing any upward mobility for the ______ or not so rich.
Social stratification system permits relatively more mobility, housing, and a healthy environment, offering almost no chance or possibility of allowing any upward mobility for the ______ or not so rich.
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Match the following types of Capital with their descriptions:
Match the following types of Capital with their descriptions:
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According to the US Peace Corps primer (2021), what does 'Gender Identity' refer to?
According to the US Peace Corps primer (2021), what does 'Gender Identity' refer to?
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What is the warning given by Oxfam (2015) regarding the combined wealth of the richest 1 percent?
What is the warning given by Oxfam (2015) regarding the combined wealth of the richest 1 percent?
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In the Philippines, women's labor market participation is higher than men's.
In the Philippines, women's labor market participation is higher than men's.
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According to IMF, approximately one million persons in the Philippines have some form of ______.
According to IMF, approximately one million persons in the Philippines have some form of ______.
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Match the following with their descriptions:
Match the following with their descriptions:
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What is the reason for climate change when the Earth's usual climate starts to change?
What is the reason for climate change when the Earth's usual climate starts to change?
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What does the term 'OFW' stand for?
What does the term 'OFW' stand for?
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What does LEP stand for in the context of labor policies?
What does LEP stand for in the context of labor policies?
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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The availability of job opportunities within the Third World can stop labor migration.
The availability of job opportunities within the Third World can stop labor migration.
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Study Notes
Organizing Society through Social Groups
- Humans are social beings, and their nature compels them to live and learn with others.
- Social groups can be categorized into primary and secondary groups.
- Primary groups are small, intimate, and enduring, with personal and face-to-face communication.
- Secondary groups are large, impersonal, and short-term, with indirect communication.
Categories of Social Groups
- Reference groups: influence an individual's identity and serve as a point of reference for evaluating attitudes and behavior.
- In-group: a social group that an individual feels a sense of loyalty and respect towards.
- Out-group: a social group that an individual does not identify with and may feel antagonism towards.
Social Networks
- A group of people who have occasional interactions and engage in similar tasks, often with unknown or unfamiliar individuals.
- Examples include social media sites and community groups.
Family, Kinship, Marriage, and Household
- Family: the most basic social unit, composed of one or more parents and their children.
- Types of families:
- Nuclear family: composed of one or two parents and their children.
- Extended family: includes parents, children, and other relatives.
- Reconstituted family: a family formed by remarriage after divorce or separation.
Kinship
- Consanguineal kinship: kinship by blood or adoption.
- Patrilineal descent: tracing kinship through the male line.
- Matrilineal descent: tracing kinship through the female line.
- Bilateral descent: tracing kinship through both parents' lines.
Marriage
- Types of marriage:
- Monogamy: one partner at a time.
- Polygamy: multiple partners.
- Endogamy: marriage within a social group.
- Exogamy: marriage outside a social group.
Post-Marital Residency Rules
- Neolocal: the couple sets up an independent residence.
- Patrilocal: the couple resides with the husband's relatives.
- Matrilocal: the couple resides with the wife's relatives.
Divorce and Annulment
- Divorce: a court decree that terminates the marriage.
- Annulment: a legal declaration that the marriage is null and void.
Political Organizations
- Band: a small, egalitarian group of 10-50 people.
- Tribe: a political entity composed of multiple bands.
- Chiefdom: a political entity with a formal structure, integrating multiple communities.
- Kingdom: a state with a formal government and sovereignty.
- State: a political entity with a defined territory, population, and government.
Authority
- Types of authority:
- Traditional authority: based on hereditary or charismatic power.
- Rational-legal authority: based on bureaucracy and systematization.
- Charismatic authority: based on a leader's personal charm and qualities.
Relevance of Religion and Belief Systems
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Religion: a system of beliefs, practices, and values that address ultimate concerns and questions.
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The role of religion in societies:
- Provides a sense of meaning and purpose.
- Shapes social norms and values.
- Influences political and economic systems.### Types of Religions
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Animism: a belief system that everything has a spirit, including trees, birds, and rocks. Examples include Shinto and Anito in the Philippines.
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Polytheism: a belief system emphasizing multiple spiritual deities, such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
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Monotheism: a belief system emphasizing the existence of one all-powerful god, such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.
Institutionalized Religions
- Characteristics:
- Have established doctrines, rituals, and hierarchical leadership.
- Examples include Western, Traditional, and Alternative Healing Systems.
- Weaknesses:
- May suffer from a lack of moral regularity in the creation of legal standards.
- Can be problematic due to charismatic power.
Health and Culture
- Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
- Public Health: prioritized by the state through providing healthcare services.
- Healthcare in the Philippines:
- Decentralized health delivery system.
- Shared between public and private sectors.
Culture-Bound Syndromes
- Examples:
- Bales/Usog/Buyag: a Filipino belief that an admiring or complimentary greeting can cause pain.
- Binat/Bughat/Relapse: a Filipino belief that someone recovering from illness can relapse due to not following certain rituals.
Health Beliefs and Behaviors
- Lihi: a strong and obsessive craving of a pregnant woman for a particular food, which can result in her child resembling the food.
- Kulam: a spell cast by a warlock/witch upon another person, causing severe illness.
Filipino Theories of Illness
- Naturalistic Causes:
- Namamana (Inheritance): a range of factors including natural events, excessive stress, incompatible food, and familial susceptibility.
- Prevention and curing the illness by bringing back the balance of the body.
- Mystical Causes:
- Sumpalgaba (Curse): attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings.
- Personalistic Causes:
- Namaligno (Mystical and Supernatural causes): attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings.
Cultural Health Actors
- Albularyo: a general practitioner knowledgeable about folkloric modalities and medicinal herbs.
- Manghihilot: specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions.
- Magpapaanak: specializes in delivering babies and performs the suob ritual.
Health as a Human Right
- The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.
- Everyone has the right to health care they need and living conditions that enable them to be healthy.
Social Stratification
- System in which people in a society are ranked hierarchically through metrics considered as “social desirables” such as power, wealth, and prestige.
- Social Mobility: the ability to rise in rank or improve one’s social status by gaining power, wealth, or prestige.
Social Classes in the Society
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Upper Class: characterized by the possession of largely inherited wealth.
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Middle Class: includes the middle and upper levels of clerical workers.
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Lower Class: individuals and households who typically fall between the working class and the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy.### Social Stratification
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Social stratification is a system where people are ranked in a hierarchical order based on their social status, wealth, and power.
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Three main theories of social stratification: Structural Functionalist, Social Conflict, and Closed or Caste-Based.
Structural Functionalist Theory
- Stratification and inequality are necessary and functioning as incentives to compel people to work harder.
- Higher status and more privileges are granted to those who are high up in the social ladder.
- Critics argue that inequalities are oppressive to those who are in lower ranks and unjustly favor those who are in higher ranks.
Social Conflict Perspective
- Stratification is harmful to society because it leads to stiff competition and eventually conflict.
- Conflict between social classes may culminate in rebellion or revolution when inequalities become unbearable.
- Critics argue that without stratification, people may not have enough drive to work hard.
Types of Capital
- Economic Capital: immediately convertible and directly convertible to money.
- Cultural Capital: immediately convertible and in certain conditions into economic capital.
- Social Capital: made up of social connections which are convertible in certain conditions into economic capital.
- Symbolic Capital: commonly understood as referring to the variety of resources available to the individual due to honor, prestige, reputation, or recognition.
- Political Capital: the sum of combining other types of capital for purposive political action or the return on the investment of political capital.
Inequality
- Inequality is the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
- Gender Inequality: observed when one gender is not treated equally as those of other genders.
- Inequality Against Cultural Minorities: ethnic minorities face countless challenges, including stereotyping and discrimination.
- Inequality Against Religious Minorities: stereotyping is the most common basis for inequality against religious minorities.
- Inequality Against Persons with Disabilities: PWDs are considered the most marginalized and economically disadvantaged group.
- Income Inequality: the gap between the rich and the poor, where the income shares of the upper and lower 50% of families remain almost unchanged.
Theories of Social Change
- Dependency Theory: a situation where the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy.
- Diffusion: the process through which innovations are introduced.
- Acculturation: a two-way process where a culture or subculture is incorporated into another culture.
- Assimilation: a one-way process where a culture incorporates the customs and beliefs of the dominant culture.
- Innovation: the successful conversion of new concepts and knowledge into new products.
- Transformation: encompasses a portfolio of interdependent initiatives.
Industrialization and Modernization
- Steam Engines: led to the development of sophisticated heat engines and the large-scale generation of electricity.
- Industrialization: helped modernize factories, expand cities, and mass-produce essential goods.
Social Contradictions and Tension
- Inter-ethnic conflicts: among the most common sources of social change, stemming from various ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds.
- Factors of inter-ethnic conflict: institutional inequality, relative ingroup strength, environmental stress, power imbalance, and resource scarcity.
Global Warming and Climate Change
- Climate Change: a significant result of extreme climate change caused by global warming.
- Consequences of Climate Change: dead fish, flash floods, unpredictable weather patterns, and rising sea levels.
Alternative Models of Sustainable Development
- Degrowth: encourages people to formulate simpler demands and reduce consumption.
- Green Economy: a type of economy that reduces environmental risks and ecological dangers, promoting sustainable development without degrading the environment.
- State-led industrialization: a feasible project that generates local and green high-quality jobs, allowing the economy to approach zero unemployment.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics of groups in society, including their size, communication, and duration. It also discusses human nature and social behaviors.
