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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of Reference Groups?
To form identity and serve as a point of reference in decision-making.
What are the basic characteristics of a Primary Group?
Post Marital Residency Rule defines where the married couple will live after marriage.
True
Social groups that an individual feels loyalty and respect for belong to _____ groups.
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Match the following types of families with their descriptions:
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What is the belief that only one all-powerful god exists?
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Polytheism is the belief that there is only one all-powerful god.
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What is the system typically characterized by clergy and hierarchical leadership?
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Traditional Healing System is based on knowledge, skills, and practices that are indigenous to different ____________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the term used to describe the animist religion in the Philippines?
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Animism emphasizes belief in the existence of only one spiritual deity.
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Animism involves the belief that everything has a spirit: trees, birds, rainstorms, and ____. (Fill in the blank)
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What does Shinto, a nature-based spirituality, literally mean?
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What is the term used to describe the concept where beliefs cut across social status and international borders?
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What is another human right, aside from education, that is prioritized by the state through providing health services?
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What are the components of the universal minimum standard of health individuals are entitled to?
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The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.
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Social stratification system permits relatively more mobility, housing, and a healthy environment, offering almost no chance or possibility of allowing any upward mobility for the ______ or not so rich.
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Match the following types of Capital with their descriptions:
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According to the US Peace Corps primer (2021), what does 'Gender Identity' refer to?
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What is the warning given by Oxfam (2015) regarding the combined wealth of the richest 1 percent?
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In the Philippines, women's labor market participation is higher than men's.
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According to IMF, approximately one million persons in the Philippines have some form of ______.
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Match the following with their descriptions:
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What is the reason for climate change when the Earth's usual climate starts to change?
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What does the term 'OFW' stand for?
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What does LEP stand for in the context of labor policies?
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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The availability of job opportunities within the Third World can stop labor migration.
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Study Notes
Organizing Society through Social Groups
- Humans are social beings, and their nature compels them to live and learn with others.
- Social groups can be categorized into primary and secondary groups.
- Primary groups are small, intimate, and enduring, with personal and face-to-face communication.
- Secondary groups are large, impersonal, and short-term, with indirect communication.
Categories of Social Groups
- Reference groups: influence an individual's identity and serve as a point of reference for evaluating attitudes and behavior.
- In-group: a social group that an individual feels a sense of loyalty and respect towards.
- Out-group: a social group that an individual does not identify with and may feel antagonism towards.
Social Networks
- A group of people who have occasional interactions and engage in similar tasks, often with unknown or unfamiliar individuals.
- Examples include social media sites and community groups.
Family, Kinship, Marriage, and Household
- Family: the most basic social unit, composed of one or more parents and their children.
- Types of families:
- Nuclear family: composed of one or two parents and their children.
- Extended family: includes parents, children, and other relatives.
- Reconstituted family: a family formed by remarriage after divorce or separation.
Kinship
- Consanguineal kinship: kinship by blood or adoption.
- Patrilineal descent: tracing kinship through the male line.
- Matrilineal descent: tracing kinship through the female line.
- Bilateral descent: tracing kinship through both parents' lines.
Marriage
- Types of marriage:
- Monogamy: one partner at a time.
- Polygamy: multiple partners.
- Endogamy: marriage within a social group.
- Exogamy: marriage outside a social group.
Post-Marital Residency Rules
- Neolocal: the couple sets up an independent residence.
- Patrilocal: the couple resides with the husband's relatives.
- Matrilocal: the couple resides with the wife's relatives.
Divorce and Annulment
- Divorce: a court decree that terminates the marriage.
- Annulment: a legal declaration that the marriage is null and void.
Political Organizations
- Band: a small, egalitarian group of 10-50 people.
- Tribe: a political entity composed of multiple bands.
- Chiefdom: a political entity with a formal structure, integrating multiple communities.
- Kingdom: a state with a formal government and sovereignty.
- State: a political entity with a defined territory, population, and government.
Authority
- Types of authority:
- Traditional authority: based on hereditary or charismatic power.
- Rational-legal authority: based on bureaucracy and systematization.
- Charismatic authority: based on a leader's personal charm and qualities.
Relevance of Religion and Belief Systems
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Religion: a system of beliefs, practices, and values that address ultimate concerns and questions.
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The role of religion in societies:
- Provides a sense of meaning and purpose.
- Shapes social norms and values.
- Influences political and economic systems.### Types of Religions
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Animism: a belief system that everything has a spirit, including trees, birds, and rocks. Examples include Shinto and Anito in the Philippines.
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Polytheism: a belief system emphasizing multiple spiritual deities, such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
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Monotheism: a belief system emphasizing the existence of one all-powerful god, such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.
Institutionalized Religions
- Characteristics:
- Have established doctrines, rituals, and hierarchical leadership.
- Examples include Western, Traditional, and Alternative Healing Systems.
- Weaknesses:
- May suffer from a lack of moral regularity in the creation of legal standards.
- Can be problematic due to charismatic power.
Health and Culture
- Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
- Public Health: prioritized by the state through providing healthcare services.
- Healthcare in the Philippines:
- Decentralized health delivery system.
- Shared between public and private sectors.
Culture-Bound Syndromes
- Examples:
- Bales/Usog/Buyag: a Filipino belief that an admiring or complimentary greeting can cause pain.
- Binat/Bughat/Relapse: a Filipino belief that someone recovering from illness can relapse due to not following certain rituals.
Health Beliefs and Behaviors
- Lihi: a strong and obsessive craving of a pregnant woman for a particular food, which can result in her child resembling the food.
- Kulam: a spell cast by a warlock/witch upon another person, causing severe illness.
Filipino Theories of Illness
- Naturalistic Causes:
- Namamana (Inheritance): a range of factors including natural events, excessive stress, incompatible food, and familial susceptibility.
- Prevention and curing the illness by bringing back the balance of the body.
- Mystical Causes:
- Sumpalgaba (Curse): attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings.
- Personalistic Causes:
- Namaligno (Mystical and Supernatural causes): attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings.
Cultural Health Actors
- Albularyo: a general practitioner knowledgeable about folkloric modalities and medicinal herbs.
- Manghihilot: specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions.
- Magpapaanak: specializes in delivering babies and performs the suob ritual.
Health as a Human Right
- The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.
- Everyone has the right to health care they need and living conditions that enable them to be healthy.
Social Stratification
- System in which people in a society are ranked hierarchically through metrics considered as “social desirables” such as power, wealth, and prestige.
- Social Mobility: the ability to rise in rank or improve one’s social status by gaining power, wealth, or prestige.
Social Classes in the Society
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Upper Class: characterized by the possession of largely inherited wealth.
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Middle Class: includes the middle and upper levels of clerical workers.
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Lower Class: individuals and households who typically fall between the working class and the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy.### Social Stratification
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Social stratification is a system where people are ranked in a hierarchical order based on their social status, wealth, and power.
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Three main theories of social stratification: Structural Functionalist, Social Conflict, and Closed or Caste-Based.
Structural Functionalist Theory
- Stratification and inequality are necessary and functioning as incentives to compel people to work harder.
- Higher status and more privileges are granted to those who are high up in the social ladder.
- Critics argue that inequalities are oppressive to those who are in lower ranks and unjustly favor those who are in higher ranks.
Social Conflict Perspective
- Stratification is harmful to society because it leads to stiff competition and eventually conflict.
- Conflict between social classes may culminate in rebellion or revolution when inequalities become unbearable.
- Critics argue that without stratification, people may not have enough drive to work hard.
Types of Capital
- Economic Capital: immediately convertible and directly convertible to money.
- Cultural Capital: immediately convertible and in certain conditions into economic capital.
- Social Capital: made up of social connections which are convertible in certain conditions into economic capital.
- Symbolic Capital: commonly understood as referring to the variety of resources available to the individual due to honor, prestige, reputation, or recognition.
- Political Capital: the sum of combining other types of capital for purposive political action or the return on the investment of political capital.
Inequality
- Inequality is the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
- Gender Inequality: observed when one gender is not treated equally as those of other genders.
- Inequality Against Cultural Minorities: ethnic minorities face countless challenges, including stereotyping and discrimination.
- Inequality Against Religious Minorities: stereotyping is the most common basis for inequality against religious minorities.
- Inequality Against Persons with Disabilities: PWDs are considered the most marginalized and economically disadvantaged group.
- Income Inequality: the gap between the rich and the poor, where the income shares of the upper and lower 50% of families remain almost unchanged.
Theories of Social Change
- Dependency Theory: a situation where the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy.
- Diffusion: the process through which innovations are introduced.
- Acculturation: a two-way process where a culture or subculture is incorporated into another culture.
- Assimilation: a one-way process where a culture incorporates the customs and beliefs of the dominant culture.
- Innovation: the successful conversion of new concepts and knowledge into new products.
- Transformation: encompasses a portfolio of interdependent initiatives.
Industrialization and Modernization
- Steam Engines: led to the development of sophisticated heat engines and the large-scale generation of electricity.
- Industrialization: helped modernize factories, expand cities, and mass-produce essential goods.
Social Contradictions and Tension
- Inter-ethnic conflicts: among the most common sources of social change, stemming from various ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds.
- Factors of inter-ethnic conflict: institutional inequality, relative ingroup strength, environmental stress, power imbalance, and resource scarcity.
Global Warming and Climate Change
- Climate Change: a significant result of extreme climate change caused by global warming.
- Consequences of Climate Change: dead fish, flash floods, unpredictable weather patterns, and rising sea levels.
Alternative Models of Sustainable Development
- Degrowth: encourages people to formulate simpler demands and reduce consumption.
- Green Economy: a type of economy that reduces environmental risks and ecological dangers, promoting sustainable development without degrading the environment.
- State-led industrialization: a feasible project that generates local and green high-quality jobs, allowing the economy to approach zero unemployment.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics of groups in society, including their size, communication, and duration. It also discusses human nature and social behaviors.
