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Questions and Answers
What is a significant factor that contributes to the protective nature of being born outside Australia?
What is a common risk factor for Indigenous Australians?
What is a unique factor that contributes to the harmful use of alcohol among Aboriginal people?
What is a benefit of having positive family relationships?
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What is a characteristic of an individual who is more likely to develop a special talent?
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What is the term for being completely absorbed in an activity, according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?
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What is a negative consequence of developing a special talent?
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What is a key factor that minimizes boredom and enhances intelligence and talent development?
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What is the primary goal of prevention strategies in drug use?
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What is the main focus of primary level prevention strategies?
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What is the goal of secondary level prevention strategies?
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What is the focus of tertiary level prevention strategies?
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What is the target of universal prevention strategies?
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What is the goal of selective prevention strategies?
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What is the focus of indicated prevention strategies?
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When should prevention intervention occur?
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What type of interventions are supported by research for prevention?
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What is a key factor in the effectiveness of adolescent interventions?
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What is the goal of targeted measures such as the 'alcopop' tax?
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What is a characteristic of effective health promotion campaigns?
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What is the goal of diversion programs for illicit drug use?
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What is a limitation of prohibition as an intervention for illicit drug use?
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What is a characteristic of Triple P, a parent education program?
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What is a challenge in developing effective health promotion campaigns?
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Study Notes
Ethnicity and Risk Factors
- Ethnicity depends on various factors, including being born outside Australia, which can be protective due to factors like family cohesion, rules, and cultural norms.
- However, ethnicity can also be a risk factor, particularly in low SES communities, where family trauma, social isolation, and cultural dispossession can contribute to harmful behaviors.
- Indigenous Australians are at a higher risk due to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession, and exclusion, as well as the loss of traditional rules and cultural practices.
- Exceptionally, some groups, such as south-east Asian youths in certain parts of Sydney and Melbourne, have been identified as having high levels of heroin use.
- While Aboriginal people generally drink less than non-Aboriginal people, those who do drink are more likely to do so at hazardous levels.
Education and Protective Factors
- Pro-social contact and positive adult relationships can minimize boredom and enhance intelligence and talent development.
- Exploring future aspirations can also support positive health behaviors and environments.
- Positive family relationships, including clear boundaries and healthy attachments, can promote stability and connectedness.
General Protective Factors
- Having a special talent or skill can contribute to resilience and self-confidence, although it may also lead to association with pro-drug using peer groups.
- Positive personality traits, such as a strong sense of self and above-average intelligence, can also serve as protective factors.
- Having career goals and aspirations can provide motivation and direction.
- Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's concept of "flow state" describes a state of complete absorption in an activity, leading to a sense of fulfillment and happiness.
Prevention of Drug Use
- Prevention refers to measures that prevent or delay the onset of drug use, as well as measures that protect against risk and reduce harm associated with drug supply and use.
What Are We Trying to Prevent?
- Drug use, or at least delay its initiation
- Harm associated with drug use, including:
- Route of administration risks
- Overdose/excessive use risks
- Avoidance of help seeking due to legal concerns
- Risks of associated problems (e.g. accidents)
- Harm to others (e.g. laws prohibiting smoking in public places)
Prevention Strategies
- Prevention levels:
- Primary level: prevent initial drug use (e.g. supply reduction methods, education on harms to developing body, school-based and parent education programs)
- Secondary level: prevent harm (e.g. education on risks of addiction, advice on route of administration options)
- Tertiary level: reduce harm (e.g. needle and syringe programs (NSPs), controlled drinking, drink driving campaigns)
- Prevention targets:
- Universal: targeting whole populations (e.g. national campaigns, advertising programs)
- Selective: targeting subgroups with above-average risk (e.g. school-based programs, alcohol-free communities)
- Indicated: targeting individuals with detectable symptoms (e.g. counseling, advice lines, educational pamphlets)
Clarifying Prevention Objectives
- Timing for intervention: as early as possible in the developmental pathway
- Goals and purposes: targeting attitudes, knowledge, expectancies, and behaviors associated with drug use (risks)
- Specific risk factors: targeting specific risk factors such as peer influences and educational involvement
- Combination approach: the best approach involves a combination of factors
Research Support for Prevention
- Adolescent interventions:
- Support for classroom-based education programs
- More effective if interactive, time-intensive, and led by students
- Life skills training programs and family-based interventions
- Support for regulation of price and availability of tobacco to young people
- Lack of support for effectiveness of alcopop price increases
- Interactive programs (e.g. role-play, discussion, games) are a key factor in effectiveness
- "Peer" needs to be carefully chosen and supported
Examples of Interventions
- Parent education programs and family interventions (e.g. Triple P)
- Home visits to high-risk mothers from before birth to age 2 years
Australian Public Service (APS) and Binge Drinking Campaign
- APS: "While the 'alcopop' tax is an example of a targeted measure aimed at reducing the attraction of young people into an alcohol-soaked culture, such legislation—by itself—will not change Australia's drinking culture."
- Binge drinking campaign (2009): Risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) needs targeted and population-relevant strategies to reach those most vulnerable to the risks associated with frequent RSOD
Universal Interventions for Illicit Drug Use
- Diversion programs
- Prohibition: may reduce drug use among non-users (primary), but not much evidence it affects current users
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Description
This quiz explores the factors that influence ethnicity, including birthplace, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status. It also delves into the risk factors associated with ethnicity, such as poverty and cultural dispossession.
