Sociology of Education

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of undergraduates in the nation are young people between 18 and 22 years of age who are pursuing a parent-financed education?

20%

What is the primary function of education according to Emile Durkheim's functionalist theory?

To provide a link between the individual and society, and to achieve homogeneity by instilling the values of a society into its younger members.

What is the hierarchical principle of authority that governs the organization of schools?

Teachers give orders and pupils obey.

What is the purpose of education in terms of social promotion and social demotion?

<p>To promote social stratification and division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of tertiary-level education?

<p>Specialization in certain fields of study such as foreign languages, biology, literature, or economics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of education in promoting social order and stability according to the functionalist perspective?

<p>To provide an important link between the individual and society, and to achieve homogeneity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between students and the subjects they study in terms of control?

<p>Students have little control over the subjects they study and how they study them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Emile Durkheim's definition of education?

<p>The methodical socialization of the young generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the most able individuals are placed in high-income and prestigious positions in society?

<p>To maintain that the most important jobs are filled by the most able</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of schools growing larger in terms of their operating and administrative procedures?

<p>They became bureaucratized, standardized and routinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment do successful schools foster?

<p>An environment where order will prevail and learning is a serious matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why parents are choosing alternative forms of education for their children at the secondary and lower stages?

<p>To educate their children in ways other than in traditional public schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many children are currently being homeschooled?

<p>More than 2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of religion in the decision to homeschool?

<p>It still plays a role, but other reasons are playing an increasing role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the primary level of education (ages 5 to 11 years)?

<p>To provide a foundation of further stages of the learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the secondary level of education (ages 12 to 17 years)?

<p>The development of specialized knowledge in certain subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the educational system contribute to the economic needs of society, according to Talcott Parsons?

<p>By preparing individuals to assume specialized occupational roles and promoting consensus in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of values are individuals socialized into in the family, according to the text?

<p>Particularistic values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the educational system, according to Davis and Moore?

<p>To serve as a selection mechanism for allocating individuals to positions in society that they are best suited for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between education and social hierarchy, according to the text?

<p>The best performers in education are able to rise to the top of the social hierarchy, regardless of sex, race, or social class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the values instilled in children by the family and by the formal education system?

<p>The family instills particularistic values, while the formal education system instills universalistic values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Davis and Moore argue that those who undertake higher levels of education should be rewarded with higher income and prestige?

<p>Because they believe that the most talented individuals should be allocated to the most important positions in society and should be rewarded accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the educational system promote socialization, according to the text?

<p>By providing individuals with appropriate ideas on how to live and contribute to society, and by instilling universalistic values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of the educational system, according to the text?

<p>To allocate human resources to positions in society that they are best suited for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor attributed to the impact of women's liberation on girls' improved performance in education?

<p>Girls placing more priority in education and career goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in fertility has contributed to girls' improved performance in education?

<p>Parents having fewer children and devoting more resources to education</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislation has been enacted to promote girls' education and career advancement?

<p>Anti-discrimination laws banning the restriction of girls from 'male-oriented' subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor attributed to male underachievement according to Applewhaite's suggestion in Trinidad?

<p>Inherent female biases in and out of school</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social change has contributed to the feminization of teaching?

<p>Increased encouragement of girls to become academically successful</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the primary driver of online education in the past 20 years?

<p>The widespread adoption of the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of technology on education in the past 20 years?

<p>The realization of the internet's potential as a driver for online education</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recent development in Caribbean education, alongside technology?

<p>Social change and equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential functions of education according to the functionalist perspective, and how do they contribute to an orderly and efficient society?

<p>According to the functionalist perspective, education is essential for socialization and other functions that contribute to an orderly and efficient society. Through education, individuals learn their roles and responsibilities, develop skills and values necessary for social cohesion, and internalize societal norms and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the conflict theory view the educational system, and what are the implications of this perspective on social inequality?

<p>The conflict theory views the educational system as perpetuating social inequality, with the prestige hierarchy of schools and cultural capital contributing to the reproduction of social inequality. The privileged classes use education to maintain their power and status, while the marginalized groups are denied access to quality education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on education, and how does it differ from the functionalist perspective?

<p>The symbolic interactionist perspective views education as an interaction in the social setting of the school, focusing on the labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy processes that shape students' identities and outcomes. In contrast, the functionalist perspective sees education as essential for socialization and other functions that contribute to an orderly and efficient society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between private and public schools in terms of their effectiveness, and how do these differences contribute to educational inequality?

<p>Private schools, especially elite preparatory schools, tend to teach more effectively than public schools, contributing to educational inequality. This is because private schools have more resources, better-trained teachers, and a more motivated student body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inequality in public schooling, particularly between suburban and central city schools, affect educational outcomes, and what are the implications of this inequality?

<p>The inequality in public schooling, with suburban schools offering better education than central city schools, affects educational outcomes by denying access to quality education to disadvantaged students. This leads to lower academic achievement, lower college attendance rates, and lower socio-economic status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that limit access to higher education, and how do they affect social inequality?

<p>The factors that limit access to higher education include finances, cultural capital, and access to quality education. These factors affect social inequality by denying access to higher education to disadvantaged groups, thereby perpetuating social inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the completion of college education affect future income, and what are the implications of this effect on social inequality?

<p>The completion of college education is associated with higher future income, as college graduates tend to earn higher incomes than non-graduates. This perpetuates social inequality, as those who have access to college education are more likely to earn higher incomes and enjoy better socio-economic status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the self-fulfilling prophecy process on educational outcomes, and how does it perpetuate social inequality?

<p>The self-fulfilling prophecy process, where teachers' expectations of students' abilities affect their outcomes, perpetuates social inequality by denying opportunities to students who are labeled as low-achievers. This leads to lower academic achievement, lower college attendance rates, and lower socio-economic status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Managerial Subsystem in an educational institution?

<p>To create and maintain coordination among other subsystems to achieve the goals of the total system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Technical Subsystem regulate the work behavior of teachers in an institution?

<p>By specifying the tasks, activities, skills, techniques, strategies, methodologies, and knowledge required to perform jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a change in one of the subsystems on the other subsystems in an educational institution?

<p>It creates changes in the other subsystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Social Subsystem in an educational institution?

<p>To influence the behavior of members of the institution through social interactions, status, and group norms and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the Structural Subsystem of an educational institution?

<p>The pattern of interrelationships among people and the physical setting or environment in which work is to be done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Technical Subsystem in an educational institution?

<p>To ensure effective and efficient teaching-learning and student-evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the subsystems interact with each other in an educational institution?

<p>They create a pattern of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the four main subsystems in an educational institution?

<p>They are necessary for ensuring the overall effectiveness of the institution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tertiary level of education, according to the text?

<p>Specialisation in certain fields of study</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the population of college and university students in terms of race, ethnicity, and family income?

<p>Skewed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of authority that governs the organization of schools, according to the text?

<p>Hierarchical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of education, according to Emile Durkheim's functionalist theory?

<p>Providing an important link between the individual and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of undergraduates who are young people between 18 and 22 years of age who are pursuing a parent-financed education?

<p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of education in promoting social order and stability, according to the functionalist perspective?

<p>Instilling the values of society into its younger members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between students and the subjects they study in terms of control?

<p>Students have little control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of education in promoting social stratification, according to the text?

<p>Promoting social demotion and social promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hidden curriculum in schools prepare students for, according to Lilich?

<p>to submit to authority, to accept alienation, to consume and value the services of the institution, and to forget how to think for themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the functionalist perspective being held in high esteem, according to the text?

<p>a more 'open' and meritocratic society, through the promotion of social mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the barriers to the progress of ethnic minorities, females, and the lower class, according to the text?

<p>the education system</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do parenting styles guide boys and girls into different activities, contributing to girls' under-achievement?

<p>through early socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do teachers subtly communicate to students, according to the concept of the hidden curriculum?

<p>standards of behavior deemed proper by society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the education system fail to promote, according to the text?

<p>equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do schools contribute to the creation of a conforming citizen, according to Lilich?

<p>by teaching individuals to defer to authority, accept alienation, and consume and value the services of the institution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the education system's imposition of barriers to the progress of certain groups, according to the text?

<p>educational inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the educational system, according to the text, serve the interests of the ruling class and maintain social inequality?

<p>The educational system serves the interests of the ruling class by masking inequality and unfairness, alienating children to prepare them for alienation in the workplace, and organizing pupils in a competitive hierarchical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of teachers in shaping pupils' self-concepts, according to the interactionist perspective?

<p>Teachers play a significant role in shaping pupils' self-concepts through their interactions and perceptions, which can affect pupils' chances of educational success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the competitive hierarchical structure in schools prepare students for the workplace, according to the text?

<p>The competitive hierarchical structure in schools prepares students for the workplace by preventing them from gaining intrinsic value or satisfaction from their work, making them reliant on salary for satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between conformity to authority and educational success, according to the text?

<p>Those who conform to authority and discipline in schools are more likely to gain the highest rewards, preparing them to be subservient and obedient employees in the workplace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of typing, as described by Hargreaves, Hester, and Mellor, affect pupils' chances of educational success?

<p>The process of typing, which involves speculation, elaboration, and stabilization, can affect pupils' chances of educational success by influencing teachers' perceptions of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social interaction in shaping educational outcomes, according to the interactionist perspective?

<p>Social interaction plays a significant role in shaping educational outcomes, as it influences teachers' and pupils' perceptions and affects pupils' chances of educational success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the educational system, according to the text, perpetuate social inequality?

<p>The educational system perpetuates social inequality by masking inequality and unfairness, alienating children, and organizing pupils in a competitive hierarchical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the interactionist perspective in understanding the educational system, according to the text?

<p>The interactionist perspective is significant in understanding the educational system as it highlights the role of social interaction in shaping educational outcomes and pupils' self-concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the interactionist perspective on education and the conflict theory perspective on education?

<p>Both perspectives view education as reproducing social inequalities, but the interactionist perspective focuses on labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy, whereas the conflict theory perspective focuses on class inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'typing' process in the interactionist perspective on education?

<p>The 'typing' process involves categorizing students based on their social class background, with the middle class being typed as 'conformist' and the working class as 'deviant' or 'delinquent'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do school authorities and peers contribute to the labelling process in the interactionist perspective on education?

<p>School authorities and peers label students based on their perceptions, which are often associated with social class, and these labels can have a profound impact on students' self-perceptions and educational outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the stabilization process and the teacher's perception of the student?

<p>The stabilization process occurs when the teacher has come to a sound understanding of the student, which becomes the teacher's 'permanent' perception of the student.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the labels 'bright', 'smart', and 'having a promising future' contribute to the perpetuation of social inequalities in education?

<p>These labels are often associated with middle-class students and serve to reinforce existing class divisions and social inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of speculation in the interactionist perspective on education?

<p>Speculation involves examining students' physical appearance, abilities, and aptitudes, as well as their social characteristics and conformity to school rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the self-fulfilling prophecy process contribute to the perpetuation of social inequalities in education?

<p>The self-fulfilling prophecy process involves the teacher's expectations of the student influencing the student's behavior and outcomes, which can perpetuate social inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the elaboration process in the interactionist perspective on education?

<p>The elaboration process involves the teacher's use of ethnomethodological principles in their interaction with students, shaping the teacher's understanding of the student.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the symbolic interactionist perspective differ from the structural-functional and social-conflict paradigms in its focus?

<p>It has a micro-level orientation, focusing on patterns of social interaction in specific settings, whereas the structural-functional and social-conflict paradigms have a macro-level orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of symbols in the symbolic interactionist paradigm?

<p>Symbols are the means through which humans communicate, and their interpretation shapes our understanding of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key weaknesses of the symbolic interactionist paradigm?

<p>Its micro-orientation can lead to ignoring the influence of larger social structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals construct their social world, according to the symbolic interactionist paradigm?

<p>Through social interaction and the interpretation of symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, George Homans, and Peter Blau in the development of the symbolic interactionist paradigm?

<p>They are key figures who contributed to the development of this paradigm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the symbolic interactionist paradigm attempt to explain social reality?

<p>It explains how individuals actually experience society through their everyday interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the symbolic interactionist paradigm and the concept of reality?

<p>We do not respond directly to reality, but to the symbolic meanings we attach to the real world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of definition of the situation in the symbolic interactionist paradigm?

<p>It highlights how individuals' definitions of situations shape their social world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the symbolic interactionist paradigm view society?

<p>As the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contrast between the symbolic interactionist paradigm and the structural-functional and social-conflict paradigms in terms of their level of analysis?

<p>The symbolic interactionist paradigm has a micro-level orientation, whereas the other paradigms have a macro-level orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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