Khan p 251-260 Sociology: McDonaldization and Bureaucracy
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential drawback of impersonality in bureaucratic settings?

  • Decreases discrimination
  • Leads to alienation among individuals (correct)
  • Promotes equal treatment
  • Fosters loyalty to the group

The Peter Principle suggests that employees are promoted until they reach what?

  • The highest position available
  • A level of incompetence (correct)
  • An optimal performance level
  • A level of complete competence

Which of the following statements about solitary foraging is accurate?

  • It involves animals hunting alone. (correct)
  • It is practiced by social animals like lions.
  • It ensures that animals find food more efficiently.
  • It significantly increases competition within a group.

What is a major advantage of group foraging?

<p>Animals can take down larger prey collectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of foraging, cost-benefit analysis primarily evaluates what?

<p>Energy extracted from food compared to energy spent searching for it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does genetics play in foraging behavior among animals?

<p>It can influence strategies but is also shaped by learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication method is NOT commonly utilized by animals?

<p>Language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a con of employing individuals based solely on technical qualifications in a bureaucracy?

<p>Decreases employee ambition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of animal communication?

<p>To establish or defend territory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a type of animal communication?

<p>Using colors to signal toxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pheromones primarily used for in animal communication?

<p>To attract mating partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is likely to use sound as a form of communication?

<p>Crickets rubbing their legs together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does auto-communication allow animals to do?

<p>Gain information about their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might anthropomorphism be problematic when interpreting animal behavior?

<p>It can inaccurately represent the intentions of the animal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sound in animal communication is true?

<p>Sound signals can convey information quickly but expose animals' locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a dominant religious organization that most of society belongs to?

<p>Ecclesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information might animals convey through alarm calls?

<p>Predator presence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a sect?

<p>A group that breaks away from churches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the weakening of the social and political power of religious organizations?

<p>Secularization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of government is characterized by a single figurehead, such as a king or queen?

<p>Monarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does conflict theory represent?

<p>A macro-perspective emphasizing power inequalities in society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which economic system is there private ownership of production and a market economy based on supply and demand?

<p>Capitalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a radical group that rejects the values of mainstream society and relies on an inspirational leader?

<p>Cult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes microsociology?

<p>The analysis of individual interactions and face-to-face relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of socialism as an economic system?

<p>Common ownership with societal benefit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?

<p>The significance individuals attach to objects and events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does functionalism view the division of labor in society?

<p>As essential for societal responsibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view suggests that institutions are natural by-products of human nature?

<p>Conservative View (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of institutions?

<p>They impose structure and guide individual behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'hidden curriculum' in education?

<p>The unintended lessons learned through social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution plays a fundamental role in shaping individual identity within society?

<p>Religion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do teacher expectations have on students according to the content?

<p>They influence the way students are treated and their subsequent performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of assortative mating?

<p>Enhanced likelihood of harmful recessive traits being passed on (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dis-assortative mating differ from assortative mating?

<p>It leads to mating between individuals with diverse traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inclusive fitness emphasize in terms of evolutionary success?

<p>Support provided by offspring to each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of inbreeding resulting from assortative mating?

<p>Higher chances of developing harmful recessive traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evolutionary game theory?

<p>A framework predicting behavioral outcomes based on interaction and reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reproduction significant in evolutionary game theory?

<p>It requires the involvement of other individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of inclusive fitness help explain in social behaviors?

<p>It promotes altruism towards those with genetic similarities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the environment play in evolutionary game theory?

<p>It determines how well organisms fit into their social and physical contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does medicalization primarily refer to?

<p>The definition of human conditions as medical problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sick role affect societal expectations for individuals?

<p>It allows individuals to avoid their responsibilities only temporarily (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does the Affordable Care Act aim to address?

<p>Lack of healthcare access for middle-income individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can chronic illness impact a person's identity?

<p>Every decision may revolve around the chronic disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social epidemiology primarily examine?

<p>Social and cultural impacts on health and disease patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about conditions like depression and ADD?

<p>Symptoms of sadness may indicate severe depression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can access to palliative care have on illness experience?

<p>It may enhance the coping mechanisms of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of medicalizing conditions like alcoholism?

<p>It leads to viewing alcoholism solely as a medical condition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Auto-communication

Communication with oneself, like bats using echolocation to gather information about their surroundings.

Chemical Signals

Animals use chemical signals, often called pheromones, to communicate. These smells can be used for mating, food location, or more.

Somatosensation

Animal communication that uses touch, like a dog licking its owner or a monkey grooming another monkey.

Visual Cues

Animals can communicate through visual cues, like bright colors, dances, or facial expressions.

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Anthropomorphism

Attributing human-like feelings and thoughts to animals, which can be misleading.

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Interspecies Communication

Communication between members of the SAME species, like birds singing to each other.

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Intraspecies Communication

Communication between members of DIFFERENT species, like a dog barking at a cat.

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Function of Animal Communication

The main function of animal communication is to help animals survive and reproduce.

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Goal Displacement

The rules of an organization become more important than the goals of the organization itself.

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Impersonality

The practice of conducting activities in an impartial and unbiased manner, treating individuals equally.

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Employment Based on Technical Qualifications

Hiring in bureaucracy is based on the qualifications of the individual, not personal relationships or biases.

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Peter Principle

The phenomenon where individuals keep getting promoted until they reach a level of incompetence, where they are no longer capable of performing the job effectively.

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Foraging

The act of searching for food in an animal's environment.

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Solitary Foraging

A foraging strategy where an animal looks for food by itself.

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Group Foraging

A foraging strategy where animals look for food in groups.

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Foraging Behavior - Genetics & Learning

The process of inheriting foraging behaviors from parents, but also learning new strategies by observing and imitating others.

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Assortative Mating

Non-random mating where individuals with similar traits (phenotypes, genotypes, or physical appearance) mate more frequently. For example, large animals mate with other large animals.

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Random Mating

A process where mating partners are chosen randomly, without any preference for specific traits.

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Disassortative Mating

The opposite of Assortative Mating. Here, individuals with dissimilar traits mate more often than expected by chance.

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Inclusive Fitness

A measure of an organism's reproductive success, considering both its own offspring and the success of its close relatives.

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Inbreeding

A situation where individuals with similar genes mate. This can lead to an increase in the frequency of harmful recessive traits.

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Game Theory

A framework used to understand decision-making in situations involving interactions between individuals or species.

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Evolutionary Game Theory

A branch of game theory that applies its principles to the study of evolution. It analyzes how natural selection shapes the strategies and behaviors of organisms.

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Natural Selection

The idea that individuals with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits to their offspring.

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Ecclesia

A dominant religious organization that includes most members of society, like Lutheranism in Sweden or Islam in Iran.

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Churches

Established religious bodies within a larger society. They are often formally recognized by the government.

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Sects

Smaller religious groups that break away from established churches, often in protest of their practices or doctrines.

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Cults

Radical religious groups with beliefs that clash with mainstream society. They often rely heavily on charismatic leaders.

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Secularization

The process of societies becoming less influenced by religion, with religious institutions losing social and political power.

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Fundamentalism

A response to secularization, characterized by a strict adherence to traditional religious beliefs and practices.

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Democracy

A system where the citizens have the power to choose their leaders and make laws.

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Monarchy

A system where one person, like a king or queen, holds ultimate power and authority.

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Conflict Theory

A theoretical perspective that views society as a competition between groups with unequal power. The powerful groups benefit from the status quo, leading to conflict and struggles for resources.

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Microsociology

The study of face-to-face interactions, small groups, and everyday social situations. It focuses on how individuals understand and interpret the social world.

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Symbolic Interactionism

A micro-perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols and shared meanings in social interactions. Individuals give meaning to objects, events, and behaviors, shaping their social reality.

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Social Institutions

Stable and patterned social structures that fulfill essential functions in a society. Examples include education, family, religion, government, and the economy.

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Conservative View of Institutions

The idea that institutions are natural and necessary outcomes of human nature. They are seen as essential for order and stability.

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Progressive View of Institutions

The view that institutions are artificial creations that may need to be redesigned if they are not beneficial or create inequalities. These institutions can be challenged and reformed.

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Hidden Curriculum

The unspoken rules, values, and behaviors that are learned in educational settings. These include social norms, expectations, and power dynamics.

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Teacher Expectations

The concept that teachers' expectations of students can influence their performance. Students may rise or fall to meet these expectations.

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Medicalization

The process of defining something previously considered normal as a medical condition, leading to diagnosis and treatment. This can occur with behavioral issues like sadness or attention, or physical issues like birth.

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Sick Role

A societal expectation enabling individuals to temporarily withdraw from responsibilities due to illness. However, prolonged illness can be perceived as deviance and harmful to society.

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Delivery of Healthcare

The unequal distribution of healthcare access, particularly affecting working individuals who are often left without sufficient coverage.

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Illness Experience

The personal experience of being ill, including coping mechanisms and how illness can shape a person's identity.

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Social Epidemiology

The study of health disparities based on social indicators like race, gender, and income. It examines how social factors influence health outcomes.

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What is Medicalization?

The concept of medicalization refers to when something, usually a behavioral problem (like alcoholism) becomes described and treated as a medical condition when it previously wasn't.

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What is the 'Sick Role'?

The social role expected of someone who is ill. They are exempt from normal responsibilities but expected to recover and return to society quickly.

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How is Healthcare Unevenly Distributed?

The uneven distribution of healthcare access, particularly for working individuals who often lack adequate coverage, leaving them vulnerable when ill.

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Study Notes

McDonaldization

  • Fast-food organizations' policies (efficiency, calculability, predictability, uniformity, and control) are dominating other societal organizations.
  • Examples include movie theatres, with similar concession stands, movies, seating, and ticket systems (especially online).
  • This is not necessarily a bad thing, but a pervasive societal trend.

Ideal Bureaucracy

  • Max Weber studied organizational structures.
  • Five key characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy apply to organizations, regardless of purpose:
    • Division of labor: employees trained for specific tasks, increasing efficiency but leading to alienation and lower worker satisfaction. Workers often don't see the whole process of their work.
    • Hierarchy of organization: clear chain of command, reducing ambiguity but potentially limiting workers' input and voice.
    • Written rules and regulations: clear expectations for performance, equal treatment of employees, and maintaining continuity through employee turnover. However, it can stifle creativity.
    • Impersonality: maintaining impartiality in decision-making and activities; impartial treatment. Ideally, it protects individuals from favoritism.
  • These characteristics are applicable to businesses, charities, or other types of groups.

Self-Presentation And Interacting With Others

  • Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead and their work on the "Looking-Glass Self" in social interaction

Behavioral Explanations of Social Behavior in Animals

  • Foraging: a critical behavioral process involving the search for food to survive and reproduce.
  • Cost-benefit analysis: animals balance the energy expended in foraging against the energy gained from food. Includes solitary and group foraging as strategies.

Animal Communication

  • Diverse forms of communication exist (visual cues, chemical signals, somatosensory communication).
  • Visual cues aid in mating, mimicry, camouflage, and social cues/interactions
  • Communication methods may vary between species;
  • Chemical methods (pheromones): used for communication about food, mating, and/or predator avoidance.
  • Somatosensory (touch, movement) is important in courtship, territory defense, bonding.

Mating Strategies

  • Random mating: all individuals randomly mate with each other (ensures genetic diversity).
  • Assortative mating: individuals mate with others similar to themselves (often advantageous for preserving specific traits or physical characteristics in the group).
  • Dis-assortative mating (Non-assortative mating): individuals with diverse traits are more likely to mate with each other.

Evolutionary Game Theory

  • Framework used to understand decision-making and interactions among individuals (particularly in animals).
  • Predicts the evolution of behavior in populations based on strategies and outcomes.
  • Assesses how behaviours are influenced by the behaviours of others, and how survival strategies arise, and are maintained.

Discrimination

  • Discussion about discrimination, prejudice, power, stereotyping, and prejudice within culture and social groups.

Society and Culture

  • Macrosociology: analyzes large-scale social structures and effects.
  • Microsociology: analyzes (face-to-face) interactions between individuals.
  • Symbolic Interactionism: focus on the meanings individuals attribute to symbols and interactions.
  • Institutions: social structures for meeting societal needs (e.g., family, government, religion).

Two Views of Institutions

  • Conservative view: institutions are natural products of human nature.
  • Progressive view: institutions are artificial creations that should be redesigned to be more effective.

Education, Family, and Religion

  • Social institutions that shape individual development and cultural transmission.
  • Discuss hidden curriculum, family structures, and/or religious beliefs.

Fundamentalism

  • Reaction against secularization and a return to strict religious beliefs.

Government, Economy, Health, and Medicine

  • Discussion points about forms of government and associated principles.
  • Capitalism vs. socialism, and their respective economic implications are detailed in the text.
  • Medicalization and the societal expectation (or societal need) for health and healthcare is discussed.

Additional Concepts

  • Social roles
  • Sick role
  • Delivery of healthcare (inequalities)
  • Illness experience
  • Social epidemiology (how social factors influence health).

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Description

Explore the concepts of McDonaldization and ideal bureaucracy as proposed by Max Weber. This quiz delves into the impact of efficiency, predictability, and organizational hierarchies on society and workplaces. Understand how these trends shape both individual experiences and broader societal structures.

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