Sociology Exam 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of deviance?

  • Behaviors that conform to social norms.
  • Any behavior that is legal.
  • Behavior that is accepted by society.
  • Behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions. (correct)

What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Primary deviance is the initial act of rule-breaking, whereas secondary deviance occurs when an individual internalizes the deviant label and continues to commit deviant acts.

What does labeling theory suggest?

Labeling theory suggests that extralegal factors influence whether someone acquires a deviant label and that being labeled deviant increases the likelihood of future deviance.

What is strain theory?

<p>Strain theory is Robert Merton's view that deviance arises from the failure to achieve financial success through conventional means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conflict theory interpret?

<p>Conflict theory interprets society as a struggle for power among groups competing for limited resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is differential association?

<p>Differential association is Edwin Sutherland's concept that deviance arises from interactions with primary group members who commit deviance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Uniform Crime Report?

<p>The Uniform Crime Report is the FBI's regular compilation of crime statistics, primarily focusing on Index crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does status frustration theory propose?

<p>Status frustration theory, proposed by Albert Cohen, suggests that delinquency arises from school failure and the need to regain self-esteem through delinquent activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are biological explanations of deviance?

<p>Biological explanations view crime and deviant behavior as forms of illness caused by pathological factors specific to certain individuals, suggesting some are 'born criminals.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relativity of deviance?

<p>The relativity of deviance means that whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances, including the society and time period in which it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Durkheim say about deviance?

<p>Durkheim stated that a society without deviance is impossible because collective conscience cannot prevent all rule-breaking, and deviance serves important functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is global stratification?

<p>Global stratification refers to the uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige, and influence among individuals and groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines crime?

<p>Crime is defined as behavior that violates laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social control?

<p>Social control refers to the ways a society attempts to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are atavists in the context of deviance?

<p>Atavists are individuals whose brains are viewed as incapable of conforming to modern norms, considered evolutionary accidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does differential opportunity theory suggest?

<p>Differential opportunity theory posits that differential access to illegitimate means influences the types of deviance poor individuals engage in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deviance

Behaviors that violate social norms and lead to negative reactions.

Primary Deviance

Initial rule-breaking behavior, often without a deviant identity.

Secondary Deviance

Adopting a deviant identity after society labels someone as such.

Labeling Theory

External factors influence who gets labeled deviant, and being labeled increases future deviance.

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Strain Theory

Failure to achieve financial success through conventional means leads to deviance.

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Conflict Theory

Society is a power struggle between groups competing for resources.

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Differential Association Theory

Deviance results from interactions within primary groups that espouse deviant values.

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Uniform Crime Report

A comprehensive collection of FBI crime statistics primarily focused on index crimes.

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Status Frustration Theory

Delinquency arises from school failure and the pursuit of self-esteem through deviant acts.

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Biological Explanations of Deviance

Deviant behavior may result from physical or genetic factors; some are 'born criminals'.

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Relativity of Deviance

What is considered deviant varies across societies and time periods.

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Importance of Deviance in Society

Deviance is essential for social cohesion and establishing norms.

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Global Stratification

Unequal distribution of privileges, resources, and power in society.

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Crime

Behavior that breaks laws, leading to social control mechanisms.

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Atavism

Individuals who are evolutionary anomalies, unable to conform to societal norms (considered pathological deviance).

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Differential Opportunity Theory

Varying access to legitimate and illegitimate means shapes deviant behavior.

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Study Notes

Deviance and Its Theories

  • Deviance refers to behaviors that breach social norms, resulting in negative social reactions.
  • Primary deviance involves initial rule-breaking behavior, while secondary deviance occurs when an individual adopts a deviant identity after being labeled by society.

Labeling and Theoretical Perspectives

  • Labeling theory posits that external factors influence who gets labeled as deviant, and being labeled increases the likelihood of future deviant acts.
  • Strain theory, developed by Robert Merton, argues that failure to achieve financial success through conventional means leads to deviant behavior.
  • Conflict theory views society as a battleground for power among groups competing for limited resources.

Social Interaction and Deviance

  • Differential association theory suggests that deviance arises from interactions within primary groups that espouse deviant values.

Crime Statistics and Theoretical Models

  • The Uniform Crime Report is a comprehensive collection of crime statistics from the FBI, primarily focusing on index crimes.
  • Status frustration theory, proposed by Albert Cohen, links delinquency to school failure and the pursuit of self-esteem through deviance.

Biological and Relative Understandings of Deviance

  • Biological explanations propose that deviant behavior may result from physical or genetic factors, labeling some as "born criminals."
  • The relativity of deviance indicates that societal context determines whether behaviors are deemed deviant; what is considered deviant can change across different societies and time periods.

Importance of Deviance in Society

  • Emile Durkheim argued that a society without deviance is unattainable since it plays vital roles, including promoting social cohesion and establishing norms.

Global and Structural Inequality

  • Global stratification highlights the unequal distribution of privileges, resources, and power in society.

Crime and Social Control Mechanisms

  • Crime is defined as behavior that disrupts laws, prompting societies to implement social control measures that regulate norm violations.

Evolutionary Perspectives on Deviance

  • Atavists refer to individuals who are viewed as evolutionary anomalies, unable to conform to modern societal norms, viewed as a form of pathological deviance.

Access to Opportunities and Deviant Behavior

  • Differential opportunity theory, identified by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, asserts that varying access to illegitimate means shapes the types of deviance engaged by disadvantaged individuals.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in Sociology with these flashcards for Exam 2. Learn about deviance, its definitions, and the distinctions between primary and secondary deviance. Perfect for review and self-assessment before the exam.

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