Psychology condense 10 p. 63-70 Deviance and Social Control Overview
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Questions and Answers

When a stimulus is repeatedly presented, and the response to the stimulus decreases, this is called:

  • Associative learning
  • Dishabituation
  • Habituation (correct)
  • Sensitization

A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when:

  • It elicits a conditioned response.
  • It is presented after the unconditioned stimulus.
  • It is similar to the unconditioned stimulus.
  • It is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (correct)

What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?

  • The excitement
  • The carrot (correct)
  • The guinea pig
  • The refrigerator door

What is the conditioned response in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?

<p>The guinea pig's excitement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>A dog salivates at the sound of a bell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning involves associating a behavior with a consequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of an unconditioned response?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?

<p>A bird learning to peck a button to receive food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning focuses on learned associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?

<p>A driver avoids speeding after receiving a ticket. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?

<p>To gradually mold a complex behavior by reinforcing successive approximations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

<p>Money (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spontaneous recovery relate to classical conditioning?

<p>It demonstrates that learned behaviors can reappear after extinction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind a token economy?

<p>To create a system where individuals earn tokens for desirable behaviors that can be exchanged for rewards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

<p>A student loses their phone privileges for failing a test. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are trying to teach a dog to fetch, what would be considered the "target behavior" in the context of shaping?

<p>Retrieving the ball and bringing it back (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of reciprocal determinism?

<p>The interaction between our behaviors, personal factors, and environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social-Cognitive Theory, which of the following exemplifies reciprocal determinism in action?

<p>A student who enjoys reading spends more time in the library. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an internal locus of control and an external locus of control?

<p>Internal locus of control focuses on personal responsibility, while external locus of control emphasizes external factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the dog experiment involving learned helplessness?

<p>Repeated exposure to uncontrollable events can lead to a belief that one has no control over outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with an internal locus of control?

<p>Increased reliance on external factors for success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can increasing personal control in seemingly small aspects of life benefit individuals?

<p>It can improve health and well-being, particularly for those in care facilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of "tyranny of choice" suggests that:

<p>Excessive choice can lead to feelings of overwhelm and dissatisfaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is most closely associated with the concept of reciprocal determinism?

<p>Albert Bandura (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between having too many choices and feelings of regret?

<p>Having too many choices can lead to information overload, which can make it difficult to make a decision and increase regret later. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea presented about self-control?

<p>Self-control is a limited resource that can be depleted and requires effort to maintain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how to improve self-control?

<p>Creating an environment that makes it more difficult to engage in tempting behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the idea of ego depletion relate to self-control?

<p>Ego depletion suggests that self-control is limited and can be depleted by repeatedly using it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key takeaway from the marshmallow test?

<p>Children who delay gratification tend to have better life outcomes later on. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of 'temptation' described in the text?

<p>Temptations are desires that conflict with long-term values and goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the 'muscle' metaphor used for self-control?

<p>Self-control can be improved through consistent practice and effort. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a suggestion for improving self-control?

<p>Constant exposure to temptations to build resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of norm involves mild consequences for deviation and includes common rules like saying thank you?

<p>Folkways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for behaviors that are judged and labelled as deviant by society?

<p>Labeling theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which norm is characterized by strong reactions and is often tied to moral beliefs, such as truthfulness?

<p>Mores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

<p>Secondary deviance results in severe negative reactions and stigmatization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of violation is considered 'taboo' and usually involves severe disgust from the community?

<p>Cannibalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Strain Theory suggest about individuals trying to attain culturally accepted goals?

<p>Blockages may lead them to deviance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Differential Association, what influences a person's likelihood to learn deviant behavior?

<p>The strength of relationships formed with deviant individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally characterizes laws as compared to other norms?

<p>They arise from moral values but have established consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of overcoming a phobia through repeated exposure to the fear until the emotional response diminishes called?

<p>Systemic Desensitization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves the acquisition of new behaviors through the consequences that follow them?

<p>Operant Conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that influences persuasion according to the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

<p>Cognitive Dissonance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Escape learning?

<p>Running away from a fire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route to persuasion is associated with deep processing of information and a lasting attitude change?

<p>Central Route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, persuasion is more likely to occur through the Central Route when:

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Source Characteristics that can influence persuasion?

<p>Cognitive Complexity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Escape and Avoidance learning?

<p>Escape learning involves avoiding an unpleasant stimulus, while Avoidance learning involves terminating an unpleasant stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Habituation

A decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.

Dishabituation

The return of a habituated response after the stimulus is removed and then reintroduced.

Sensitization

An increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.

Associative Learning

Learning that associates two stimuli together.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response after learning.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

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Folkways

Minor everyday norms, like saying thank you or opening doors. Not taken seriously and no formal punishment.

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Mores

Norms based on moral values, violating them can lead to strong negative reactions, but usually not formal punishment.

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Laws

Formal rules enforced by the state, often based on right and wrong, violating them has serious consequences.

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Taboos

Acts considered completely wrong and unacceptable, violating them leads to extreme consequences and social rejection.

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Deviance

Behavior that goes against society's norms and accepted ways of behaving.

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Differential Association Theory

The theory that deviance is learned through interaction with others who engage in deviant behavior.

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Labeling Theory

The theory that deviance happens when people are labelled as deviant by society, regardless of their actions.

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Strain Theory

The theory that deviance arises when individuals are blocked from achieving societal goals through legitimate means.

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Discrimination

Responding to some stimuli but not others.

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Extinction

The decrease in a learned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where an animal learns to associate its voluntary behavior with its consequences.

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Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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Shaping

A process of learning a new behavior by reinforcing gradual approximations of the desired behavior.

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Target behavior

The desired behavior at the end of the shaping process.

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Systematic Desensitization

Learning that occurs by repeated exposure to the feared stimulus, gradually reducing the intensity of the emotional response. Think of a child gradually overcoming a fear of dogs by repeatedly interacting with them.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

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Insight Learning

A type of learning where you use past skills and knowledge to solve a problem, often accompanied by an 'aha' moment.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until a specific situation requires its use.

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Persuasion

A method of changing attitudes and behaviors through persuasive communication.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

A model that explains how persuasion works, outlining two routes: a central route focused on the content of the message and a peripheral route focused on superficial features.

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Central Route to Persuasion

People are persuaded by the content of the message. It leads to deep processing of information and a lasting attitude change.

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Information Overload

When we have too many choices, it can lead to feeling overwhelmed and unable to make a decision.

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Decision Paralysis

The feeling of being paralyzed and unable to make a choice due to having too many options.

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Increased Regret

Regretting a choice made after realizing that other options might have been better.

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Self-Control

The ability to control our impulses and delay gratification.

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Ego Depletion

A situation where self-control is weakened after using it excessively.

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Marshmallow Test

A famous experiment where children were offered a marshmallow, but could get another if they waited 15 minutes. Those who delayed gratification tended to have better life outcomes later.

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Change Environment

A technique to improve self-control by changing your environment to make it harder to indulge in temptations.

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What is reciprocal determinism?

Reciprocal determinism is the idea that a person's behavior, personal factors like their motivation or thoughts, and their environment all influence each other in a continuous loop. It's not just one thing impacting another, but a constant interplay between the three.

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What is Social Cognitive Theory?

The Social Cognitive Theory states that our behavior is shaped by our thoughts, our social context, and the interaction between them. So, what we do is influenced by what we think and the people and situations around us.

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What is personal control?

Personal control refers to the extent to which we believe we can control our own destiny. People with an internal locus of control believe they influence their own outcomes, while those with an external locus of control feel outside forces control their lives.

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What is learned helplessness?

Learned helplessness happens when repeated negative experiences, especially when we feel powerless, lead to a sense of resignation and a belief that we can't control our lives. This can manifest in giving up, even when there are opportunities to escape the situation.

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What is the Tyranny of Choice?

The Tyranny of Choice refers to the negative cognitive and behavioral effects that can arise when we have too many options. Instead of feeling empowered, we can become overwhelmed, indecisive, and even unhappy with our choices.

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What is Observational Learning?

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes that we learn through observation and mimicry of others. We see others engage in behaviors, understand the consequences, and then adjust our own actions accordingly.

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What are the benefits of internal locus of control?

A strong internal locus of control is associated with better academic performance, coping with stress, and reduced depression. This is due to taking responsibility for one's actions, believing in one's ability to succeed, and having a proactive attitude.

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What are the drawbacks of external locus of control?

An external locus of control can lead to poor academic performance, difficulty managing stress, and increased risk of depression. It can be based on a sense of helplessness, feeling powerless to change outcomes, and lack of initiative.

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Study Notes

Deviance and Social Control

  • Deviance is defined as norm violation, not inherently negative, just different from societal norms. Examples include vegetarianism in a meat-eating society.
  • Folkways are common rules of etiquette (e.g., saying thank you), mores are based on moral values (e.g., honesty), laws are formally enforced rules with consequences, and taboos are completely unacceptable actions (e.g., incest).

Theories of Deviance

  • Differential Association Theory: Deviance is learned through interaction and observation, especially within relationships.
  • Labeling Theory: Behavior is deviant if labeled as such by others in a society. It depends on societal acceptance.
  • Strain Theory: Societal pressure to achieve goals can lead to deviance when legitimate means are unavailable.

Collective Behavior

  • Collective behavior is a temporary group response to issues or events. It's different from group behavior because it's time-limited
  • Fads, mass hysteria, and riots are examples of collective behavior.

Learning

  • Nonassociative learning: Response to a stimulus changes after repeated exposure. Habituation is tuning out a stimulus, sensitization is increased response to repeated stimulus.
  • Associative Learning: Classical conditioning links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning involves consequences for behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

  • Involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response. The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
  • Generalization - similar stimuli produce similar responses.
  • Discrimination - responding only to specific stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

  • Focuses on consequences for behaviors.
  • Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to increase a behavior.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing something to increase a behavior.
  • Positive Punishment: Adding something to decrease a behavior.
  • Negative Punishment: Removing something to decrease a behavior.
  • Shaping: Successfully reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior.

Operant Conditioning Schedules

  • Fixed-Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
  • Variable-Ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.
  • Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement after a set amount of time.
  • Variable-Interval: Reinforcement after a variable amount of time.

Personal Control

  • Internal locus of control: belief that outcomes are determined primarily by one's own actions.
  • External locus of control: belief that outcomes are determined primarily by external factors.
  • Learned helplessness: belief that you cannot control outcomes, often leading to decreased effort.
  • Tyranny of choice: too many choices can lead to decision paralysis and reduced satisfaction

Self-Control

  • Self-control is the ability to regulate one's actions and emotions to achieve long-term goals, even when short-term temptations arise.
  • Ego depletion: the idea that self-control is a limited resource; it can be depleted by prior acts of self-control.
  • Techniques to improve self-control: Changing the environment, operant conditioning

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Psychology Notes - Deviance & Collective Behavior PDF

Description

This quiz explores concepts related to deviance and social control, including definitions, theories, and collective behavior. Examine the nuances of norm violations and how societal perceptions shape behaviors. Ideal for sociology students to deepen their understanding of these critical theories.

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