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When a stimulus is repeatedly presented, and the response to the stimulus decreases, this is called:
When a stimulus is repeatedly presented, and the response to the stimulus decreases, this is called:
A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when:
A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when:
What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?
What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?
What is the conditioned response in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?
What is the conditioned response in the example of the guinea pig and the carrot?
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Which of these is an example of generalization in classical conditioning?
Which of these is an example of generalization in classical conditioning?
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What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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What is a common example of an unconditioned response?
What is a common example of an unconditioned response?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
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What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
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Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?
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What is the purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
What is the purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
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How does spontaneous recovery relate to classical conditioning?
How does spontaneous recovery relate to classical conditioning?
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What is the main idea behind a token economy?
What is the main idea behind a token economy?
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Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
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If you are trying to teach a dog to fetch, what would be considered the "target behavior" in the context of shaping?
If you are trying to teach a dog to fetch, what would be considered the "target behavior" in the context of shaping?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of reciprocal determinism?
Which of the following best describes the concept of reciprocal determinism?
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According to the Social-Cognitive Theory, which of the following exemplifies reciprocal determinism in action?
According to the Social-Cognitive Theory, which of the following exemplifies reciprocal determinism in action?
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What is the primary difference between an internal locus of control and an external locus of control?
What is the primary difference between an internal locus of control and an external locus of control?
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What is the main takeaway from the dog experiment involving learned helplessness?
What is the main takeaway from the dog experiment involving learned helplessness?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with an internal locus of control?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with an internal locus of control?
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How can increasing personal control in seemingly small aspects of life benefit individuals?
How can increasing personal control in seemingly small aspects of life benefit individuals?
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The concept of "tyranny of choice" suggests that:
The concept of "tyranny of choice" suggests that:
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Which of the following figures is most closely associated with the concept of reciprocal determinism?
Which of the following figures is most closely associated with the concept of reciprocal determinism?
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What is the relationship between having too many choices and feelings of regret?
What is the relationship between having too many choices and feelings of regret?
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What is the main idea presented about self-control?
What is the main idea presented about self-control?
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Which of the following is an example of how to improve self-control?
Which of the following is an example of how to improve self-control?
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How does the idea of ego depletion relate to self-control?
How does the idea of ego depletion relate to self-control?
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What is the key takeaway from the marshmallow test?
What is the key takeaway from the marshmallow test?
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How is the concept of 'temptation' described in the text?
How is the concept of 'temptation' described in the text?
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What is the main idea of the 'muscle' metaphor used for self-control?
What is the main idea of the 'muscle' metaphor used for self-control?
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Which of these is NOT a suggestion for improving self-control?
Which of these is NOT a suggestion for improving self-control?
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Which type of norm involves mild consequences for deviation and includes common rules like saying thank you?
Which type of norm involves mild consequences for deviation and includes common rules like saying thank you?
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What term is used for behaviors that are judged and labelled as deviant by society?
What term is used for behaviors that are judged and labelled as deviant by society?
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Which norm is characterized by strong reactions and is often tied to moral beliefs, such as truthfulness?
Which norm is characterized by strong reactions and is often tied to moral beliefs, such as truthfulness?
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What is the main difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
What is the main difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
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Which type of violation is considered 'taboo' and usually involves severe disgust from the community?
Which type of violation is considered 'taboo' and usually involves severe disgust from the community?
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What does the Strain Theory suggest about individuals trying to attain culturally accepted goals?
What does the Strain Theory suggest about individuals trying to attain culturally accepted goals?
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According to the Theory of Differential Association, what influences a person's likelihood to learn deviant behavior?
According to the Theory of Differential Association, what influences a person's likelihood to learn deviant behavior?
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What generally characterizes laws as compared to other norms?
What generally characterizes laws as compared to other norms?
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What is the process of overcoming a phobia through repeated exposure to the fear until the emotional response diminishes called?
What is the process of overcoming a phobia through repeated exposure to the fear until the emotional response diminishes called?
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Which type of learning involves the acquisition of new behaviors through the consequences that follow them?
Which type of learning involves the acquisition of new behaviors through the consequences that follow them?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that influences persuasion according to the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that influences persuasion according to the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
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Which of the following is an example of Escape learning?
Which of the following is an example of Escape learning?
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Which route to persuasion is associated with deep processing of information and a lasting attitude change?
Which route to persuasion is associated with deep processing of information and a lasting attitude change?
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According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, persuasion is more likely to occur through the Central Route when:
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, persuasion is more likely to occur through the Central Route when:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Source Characteristics that can influence persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Source Characteristics that can influence persuasion?
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What is the primary difference between Escape and Avoidance learning?
What is the primary difference between Escape and Avoidance learning?
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Study Notes
Deviance and Social Control
- Deviance is defined as norm violation, not inherently negative, just different from societal norms. Examples include vegetarianism in a meat-eating society.
- Folkways are common rules of etiquette (e.g., saying thank you), mores are based on moral values (e.g., honesty), laws are formally enforced rules with consequences, and taboos are completely unacceptable actions (e.g., incest).
Theories of Deviance
- Differential Association Theory: Deviance is learned through interaction and observation, especially within relationships.
- Labeling Theory: Behavior is deviant if labeled as such by others in a society. It depends on societal acceptance.
- Strain Theory: Societal pressure to achieve goals can lead to deviance when legitimate means are unavailable.
Collective Behavior
- Collective behavior is a temporary group response to issues or events. It's different from group behavior because it's time-limited
- Fads, mass hysteria, and riots are examples of collective behavior.
Learning
- Nonassociative learning: Response to a stimulus changes after repeated exposure. Habituation is tuning out a stimulus, sensitization is increased response to repeated stimulus.
- Associative Learning: Classical conditioning links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning involves consequences for behaviors.
Classical Conditioning
- Involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response. The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
- Generalization - similar stimuli produce similar responses.
- Discrimination - responding only to specific stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on consequences for behaviors.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to increase a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing something to increase a behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adding something to decrease a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing something to decrease a behavior.
- Shaping: Successfully reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior.
Operant Conditioning Schedules
- Fixed-Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
- Variable-Ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.
- Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement after a set amount of time.
- Variable-Interval: Reinforcement after a variable amount of time.
Personal Control
- Internal locus of control: belief that outcomes are determined primarily by one's own actions.
- External locus of control: belief that outcomes are determined primarily by external factors.
- Learned helplessness: belief that you cannot control outcomes, often leading to decreased effort.
- Tyranny of choice: too many choices can lead to decision paralysis and reduced satisfaction
Self-Control
- Self-control is the ability to regulate one's actions and emotions to achieve long-term goals, even when short-term temptations arise.
- Ego depletion: the idea that self-control is a limited resource; it can be depleted by prior acts of self-control.
- Techniques to improve self-control: Changing the environment, operant conditioning
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Description
This quiz explores concepts related to deviance and social control, including definitions, theories, and collective behavior. Examine the nuances of norm violations and how societal perceptions shape behaviors. Ideal for sociology students to deepen their understanding of these critical theories.
