Deviance and Social Norms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of "negative deviance"?

  • Actions that go against established social norms and are generally considered undesirable. (correct)
  • Intentional acts that deviate from social norms but with honorable intentions.
  • Behaviors that are considered normal and expected within a particular society.
  • Behaviors that exceed societal expectations in a positive way.

What is the primary reason why individuals conform to social norms?

  • To express their individuality and unique perspectives.
  • To avoid negative reactions, sanctions, or social disapproval. (correct)
  • To gain recognition and admiration from others.
  • To ensure they are always following the latest trends and fashions.

Which of the following is an example of "positive deviance"?

  • A person who drives drunk and gets into an accident.
  • An athlete who breaks a world record in their sport. (correct)
  • A group of individuals who engage in vandalism and graffiti.
  • A student who consistently gets low grades and skips class.

Why is the study of deviance important in understanding society?

<p>It helps us understand how social norms are created and enforced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social norms impact our behavior?

<p>They promote conformity and predictability, reducing social chaos. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of violating social norms?

<p>Negative reactions, sanctions, or even legal punishment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between "negative deviance" and "positive deviance"?

<p>The intention and consequences associated with the actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between social norms and deviance?

<p>Social norms define what is considered deviant in a particular society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of using statistical rarity to determine deviance?

<p>Hidden behaviors, like cheating, are often statistically rare. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with defining deviance based on harm?

<p>Harm is not always a determinant of deviance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about using statistical rarity as a measurement of deviance?

<p>Rare behaviors are always considered deviant because they are unusual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example provides a valid critique of using statistical rarity to define deviance?

<p>Speeding is considered unacceptable by the law, even though a significant number of people partake in it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider in determining whether a behavior is deviant, beyond statistical rarity?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between consensus crimes and conflict crimes?

<p>Conflict crimes are debated on whether they should be illegal, while consensus crimes are generally agreed upon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is defining deviance as a label problematic according to the content?

<p>Because labels are subjective and can vary across different cultures and time periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of situational differences in social norms?

<p>A person speaking loudly in a library is considered rude, while at a sporting event, it is expected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument about deviance as a social construct, as presented in the content?

<p>Deviance is learned through socialization, and what is considered deviant can change over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the legal system in defining deviance?

<p>The legal system reflects a consensus on moral values and enforces social norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does the concept of 'powerful people' influence the understanding of deviance?

<p>Powerful people have more influence in defining what is considered deviant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to establish a universal definition of deviance?

<p>Deviance is defined differently across cultures and societies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of cannibalism in the content illustrate about deviance?

<p>Deviance can be situational and influenced by extreme circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of deviance, according to the provided content?

<p>Behaviours that are classified as abnormal by society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between deviance and conformity?

<p>Deviance involves breaking norms, while conformity involves adhering to them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates deviance?

<p>A doctor refusing to treat a patient because of their religion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key unanswered questions about deviance, as mentioned in the provided content?

<p>Who defines the social norms and enforces them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is deviance socially constructed?

<p>Deviance is defined by the dominant moral codes of a society at a particular time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of power in shaping deviance, as discussed in the text?

<p>Power influences the creation and enforcement of dominant moral codes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'moral entrepreneurs' suggest about the nature of deviance?

<p>Moral entrepreneurs play a significant role in constructing and enforcing definitions of deviance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of social construction, as outlined in the text, refers to the broader beliefs and values of a society?

<p>Sociocultural (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor that contributes to the social construction of deviance, as described in the text?

<p>The prevalence of a behavior in society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of dominant moral codes?

<p>They are fluid and subject to change over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between power and resistance in the context of deviance?

<p>Those with less power can challenge dominant moral codes and push for change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of deviance is NOT explicitly mentioned in the provided text as being significant for sociological analysis?

<p>The prevalence of a behavior in society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with the objective approach to deviance?

<p>It assumes that deviance is always inherently bad, ignoring nuances of social context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive social norm?

<p>Saying &quot;thank you&quot; after someone holds a door open for you. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between a social norm and a social role?

<p>Norms are generally accepted behaviors, while social roles are specific expectations for individuals in particular positions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of the "objective/subjective continuum" help understand deviance?

<p>It highlights the importance of understanding both the inherent qualities of deviance and the social context in which it is defined. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of applying deviance labels based on flimsy or fabricated criteria?

<p>It can perpetuate inequality and discrimination against individuals who may not actually be deviant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of social norms?

<p>Social norms are fluid and can vary across different times, places, and social groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the objectivist and subjectivist perspectives on deviance?

<p>The objectivist approach views deviance as inherent and unchanging, while the subjectivist approach acknowledges its social and cultural relativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of social norms?

<p>Social norms are always explicitly stated and codified in law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of how we respond to deviance important?

<p>It sheds light on the impact of social control mechanisms and the consequences for individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of positivist theories of deviance?

<p>Exploring the social and environmental factors that contribute to deviant behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of how society responds to deviance?

<p>The development of social norms and values over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions is NOT directly addressed by positivist theories of deviance?

<p>How do societal power structures influence the definition of deviance? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between deviant behavior and social norms?

<p>Deviant behavior can be interpreted differently depending on social context and norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Cesare Lombroso's primary goal in studying criminals?

<p>To prove that criminals are inherently different from non-criminals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lombroso's theory, what distinguished criminals from non-criminals?

<p>Their physical characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lombroso's theory is an example of which approach to understanding deviance?

<p>A positivist approach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lombroso's theory of atavism based on?

<p>The idea that criminals are born with a predisposition to crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a method Lombroso used to study criminals?

<p>Observing social class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of Lombroso's theory?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lombroso mean by the term 'stigmata'?

<p>The physical signs of atavism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a stigmata according to Lombroso?

<p>Having a large jawline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Lombroso's theory contribute to the developing field of criminology?

<p>It provided a scientific basis for studying criminal behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Lombroso's theory and the later development of the positivist school?

<p>Lombroso focused on biological factors, while the positivist school considered social factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term Durkheim uses to describe a state of societal breakdown where traditional norms and values weaken or disappear?

<p>Anomie (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Durkheim, what are the two main factors influencing suicide rates?

<p>Social Integration and Moral Regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between deviance and social solidarity according to the content?

<p>Deviance weakens social solidarity by challenging existing norms and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument about deviance as it relates to social change?

<p>Deviance is a necessary component of social change, as it challenges existing norms and promotes new ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'anomic suicide' suggest about the relationship between individuals and society?

<p>Suicide is a result of a breakdown in social norms and a loss of meaning in life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the 18th century, how were unusual behaviors and occurrences primarily explained?

<p>By linking them to the actions of evil spirits and magic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument about the role of deviance in society, based on the content provided?

<p>Deviance is a natural part of any society and can serve both positive and negative functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pre-18th-century explanation for deviance, rooted in Judeo-Christian beliefs?

<p>Innate biological predispositions towards deviant behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of a society experiencing a high level of anomie?

<p>Increased crime, deviance, and social unrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shift in understanding deviance from pre-18th century to more modern perspectives?

<p>From a purely social explanation to a more nuanced understanding that incorporates both social and psychological factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the lack of scientific understanding in pre-18th-century societies contribute to the prevalence of supernatural explanations for deviance?

<p>People were more likely to blame their misfortunes on evil spirits as they lacked scientific tools to explain them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of Durkheim's theory of suicide?

<p>Suicide is a consequence of individual failure to cope with societal pressures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the concept of 'free will' often used as a justification for the actions of individuals who engaged in deviant behavior?

<p>It justified punishing individuals for their actions as they were believed to have made a conscious choice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of temptation, as presented in Judeo-Christian beliefs, contribute to explanations of deviance?

<p>It suggested that external forces, like the devil, could influence individuals to engage in deviant behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST represents the evolution of the concept of deviance?

<p>A progression from supernatural explanations to social and psychological perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emerged as an alternative to earlier explanations of deviance that relied on supernatural forces?

<p>Social constructionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a key characteristic of individuals who have low self-control?

<p>They are more likely to engage in criminal or deviant behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key assumption of self-control theory, as it relates to criminal behavior?

<p>Criminal behavior provides more immediate gratification than non-criminal behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines an individual's level of self-control, according to self-control theory?

<p>The parenting and upbringing an individual receives early in life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the relationship between self-control and deviant behavior?

<p>Low self-control is a prerequisite for engaging in deviant behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals with low self-control, as described in the content?

<p>A strong moral compass and a sense of social responsibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes self-control theory's approach to explaining crime and deviance?

<p>A general theory that aims to explain all instances of crime and deviance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-control theory differ from social bonds theory, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Self-control theory is a more general theory that aims to explain all crime and deviance, while social bonds theory focuses on specific types of crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, why is the origin of self-control considered crucial in understanding deviance?

<p>The origin of self-control influences an individual's moral development and values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of status frustration theory?

<p>The reproduction of societal inequalities in classrooms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior demonstrates the concept of 'oppositional standards' in status frustration theory?

<p>Creating a subculture that defies middle-class ideals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to differential association theory, deviant behavior is learned primarily through:

<p>Interactions with others and communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a technique of neutralization?

<p>Denying the harm caused by the behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents social learning theory?

<p>Behavior is learned through observations and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'middle-class measuring rod' refer to in the context of status frustration theory?

<p>Expectations that align with middle-class values and behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique of neutralization involves claiming that societal norms are inconsistent?

<p>Condemnation of the condemners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social learning theory, behavior is reinforced based on what factors?

<p>Definitions, differential association, imitation, and reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the creation of a delinquent subculture according to status frustration theory?

<p>Immediate gratification and toughness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would denial of responsibility suggest in the context of neutralization theory?

<p>External factors contributed to the behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is expected when individuals are exposed to deviant definitions in social learning theory?

<p>Heightened likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of social learning theory?

<p>Delayed gratification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the tough demeanor required for survival cited in status frustration theory?

<p>Layer of toughness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of deviance is emphasized in differential association theory?

<p>It is learned through social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lemert, what is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

<p>Primary deviance is a small act of rule-breaking, while secondary deviance leads to a deviant lifestyle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tertiary deviance, as described by Kitsuse?

<p>Tertiary deviants conform to the expectations associated with the label. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Becker, what is a master status?

<p>A status that overrides other statuses in social interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, how do people often react to being labeled as deviant?

<p>They challenge the label and try to reclaim their self-worth and social status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of secondary deviance?

<p>A young adult who is arrested for shoplifting and then struggles to find employment due to their criminal record. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by Goffman to describe the process of becoming an outsider due to negative perceptions?

<p>Stigmatization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do labels affect a person's behavior?

<p>Labels can lead to a person acting in ways that are consistent with the label. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'master status' as described in the text?

<p>The dominant characteristic that defines a person in the eyes of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of being labeled as deviant?

<p>Increased self-esteem and confidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Goffman's 'dramaturgical approach' views life as a stage where we play different roles. What are the two types of 'selves' he identifies?

<p>Front stage selves and back stage selves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of 'impression management'?

<p>Controlling how others perceive us. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'spoiled identity' as described by Goffman?

<p>An identity that is considered undesirable due to negative labels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between deviance and social norms?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for managing a 'spoiled identity' according to the text?

<p>Denial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does being labeled as deviant affect a person's self-identity and lifestyle?

<p>It can create a cycle of deviant behavior due to the label's stigma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the role of 'powerful people' in shaping perceptions of deviance?

<p>Powerful people can influence what behaviors are considered deviant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to the social construction of deviance?

<p>Biological predispositions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the 'front stage' and 'back stage' selves as described by Goffman?

<p>The front stage self is a more polished and controlled version of ourselves, while the back stage self is more authentic and relaxed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of 'signed vehicles'?

<p>They are tools for managing impressions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an interpretive theory of deviance?

<p>Conflict theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between early theories of deviance and interactionist theories?

<p>Early theories focused on objective behavior, ignoring social interpretations, while interactionist theories viewed deviance as socially constructed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a distinguishing characteristic of categories of deviance?

<p>They are fluid and can change over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mead's 'The I and the Me', what does the 'Me' represent?

<p>The internalized social expectations and roles we take on. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content explain the emergence of 'offences' in society?

<p>Offences are created through the actions of powerful individuals who define what is deviant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the fundamental basis for understanding deviance as a social construct?

<p>Deviance is a product of societal definitions and interpretations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a key takeaway from the content about interpretive theories?

<p>Interpretive theories emphasize the role of social interaction and meaning-making in understanding deviance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Herbert Mead's work in the context of deviance studies?

<p>Mead's work provides a framework for understanding the social construction of deviance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key characteristic of deviance according to the content?

<p>Deviance is a fixed and rigid category universally understood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how is deviance a process of social construction?

<p>Deviance is created through social interaction and the definitions and interpretations held by society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an individual attempt to change the messages they receive from others about who they are?

<p>By trying to convince others to change their opinions about them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the content's understanding of how others influence our self-concept?

<p>We primarily form our self-concept through social interactions and the messages we receive from others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed consequence for the individual when the 'me' part of the self is negatively affected?

<p>The individual's ability to act and assert themselves can be compromised. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary message of the content regarding the concept of the 'me'?

<p>The 'me' is a dynamic and evolving aspect of the self, shaped by various social interactions and the messages we receive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT presented as a possible response to negative messages received about oneself?

<p>Ignoring the messages and focusing on one's own self-perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content link the concept of the 'me' to the sociological understanding of deviance?

<p>The content connects the 'me' to the idea that our understanding of deviance is shaped by the messages we receive from others and the social context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway regarding the influence of others on our perception of ourselves and our actions?

<p>Social interactions have a significant impact on our self-concept, ultimately determining our actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the concept of how social interactions shape our self-perceptions, as presented in the text?

<p>A person who consistently receives positive feedback from others will develop a strong sense of self-esteem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of labeling theory in relation to deviant behavior?

<p>Understanding how social groups define and label certain acts as deviant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tannenbaum's concept of "dramatization of evil," how does labeling affect a person's self-identity?

<p>It transforms the individual from a person who engaged in a specific act to a person perceived as fundamentally evil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains how our understanding of ourselves, including our self-identity, is influenced by what we think others think of us?

<p>Looking glass self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'significant others' and 'generalized other' in shaping our social selves?

<p>Significant others represent specific individuals, while generalized others represent a broader societal expectation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to influence an individual's understanding of deviance?

<p>Their personal experiences and interactions with social groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of being labeled as deviant?

<p>Increased conformity to social norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Becker's definition, who is considered 'deviant'?

<p>Anyone who has been successfully labeled as deviant by others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does labeling theory contribute to a deeper understanding of societal responses to deviance?

<p>It highlights the role of power and social influence in shaping our understanding of deviance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of labeling theory?

<p>It does not explain why certain behaviors are initially considered deviant in the first place. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the concept of "labeling" as described by Tannenbaum?

<p>A student with a history of skipping class is labeled as a &quot;troublemaker&quot; and begins to see themselves as such. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deviant careers are characterized by a progression through different stages. Which of these stages is NOT explicitly mentioned in the content?

<p>Casual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary focus of conflict theories when analyzing societal power structures?

<p>Examining the role of social institutions in maintaining the status quo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marxist theories emphasize the role of economic inequality in creating deviance. Which of the following is NOT a key element of their perspective?

<p>The belief that deviance is primarily a product of individual psychological factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instrumental Marxism differs from Structural Marxism in its understanding of the role of the state. What is the key difference?

<p>Instrumental Marxism believes the state directly serves the ruling class, while Structural Marxism sees it as protecting the system of capitalism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'hegemony' refer to in the context of power structures within society?

<p>The dominance of a specific worldview that influences how society understands itself and its values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to "power-reflexive theory," what is the key relationship between knowledge and power?

<p>Power determines which knowledge is considered valid and authoritative. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text suggest that understanding the construction of dominant moral codes is crucial for understanding deviance?

<p>Because the powerful use their influence to shape moral codes that serve their interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the "culture conflict theory" regarding deviance?

<p>Deviance is a result of clashes between different cultural groups with varying values and norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary function of the legal system in relation to deviance?

<p>To enforce social control and maintain the existing social order. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of "false consciousness" as described in the content?

<p>Individuals unknowingly accept the dominant worldview as rational and fair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of Marxist theory regarding deviance?

<p>Deviance is primarily linked to individual psychological factors and personality traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between "instrumental Marxism" and "structural Marxism" in their understanding of the role of the state?

<p>Instrumental Marxism sees the state as directly serving the interests of the ruling class, while structural Marxism views it as protecting the system of capitalism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key criticism that "pluralist conflict theory" offers to traditional Marxist approaches?

<p>The power structure in society is not solely determined by economic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deviance

A person, behavior, or characteristic seen as violating social norms.

Social Norms

Unwritten rules governing acceptable behavior within a society.

Conformity

Behavior that aligns with social norms due to agreement or fear of sanctions.

Contextual Nature of Deviance

Deviance depends on context, location, and specific people involved.

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Creation of Norms

Who defines societal norms and enforces them.

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Negative Deviance

Behavior that violates situational expectations or social norms.

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Positive Deviance

Intentional behaviors that exceed norms in honorable ways.

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Intentional Behaviors

Actions performed with a specific purpose or goal, often deviating from norms.

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Social Norms Impact

Social norms shape interactions and influence behaviors in society.

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Reaction to Norm Violations

Norm violations trigger reactions or sanctions from others.

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Compliance with Norms

Adhering to social norms to maintain order and avoid chaos.

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Change in Social Norms

Social norms can evolve and change over time.

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Example of Positive Deviance

Actions like those of Olympic athletes who exceed societal expectations.

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Proscriptive Norms

Norms that define what behaviors are not acceptable in a society.

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Prescriptive Norms

Norms that outline behaviors that are expected or acceptable in society.

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Social Roles

Expected behaviors associated with specific positions or statuses in society.

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Objectivism in Deviance

View that deviance is inherent in traits of individuals or behaviors.

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Nature of Deviance

Deviance varies significantly based on time, place, and social groups.

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Moral Evaluation of Deviance

Deviant labels carry negative moral judgments about individuals.

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Flimsy Basis for Labels

Deviance labels can be applied inconsistently and on weak justifications.

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Social Variation of Norms

Norms can differ by location, time, gender, and ethnicity.

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Subjectivism

Focuses on how behaviors are perceived as deviant based on moral codes.

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Dominant Moral Codes

Rules established by those in power that define deviance in a society.

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Statistical Rarity

A deviant behavior is defined by its infrequency or uncommon occurrence.

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Limitations of Rarity

Defining deviation by rarity is subjective; context affects perception of rarity.

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Societal Harm

Deviance may also be measured by the harm it causes to individuals or society.

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Hidden Deviance

Behaviors may be widespread but concealed, complicating their classification as deviant.

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Examples of Social Harm

Harm can manifest physically or emotionally, influencing societal views on deviance.

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Criminal Law

Norms enshrined in the legal system necessary for societal functioning.

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Consensus Crimes

Crimes widely agreed upon as wrong and harmful requiring severe punishment.

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Conflict Crimes

Illegal acts with significant disagreement about their morality and legal status.

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Socialization

The process through which individuals learn societal norms and what is considered deviant.

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Deviance Labels

The concept that labels of deviance are socially constructed rather than natural traits.

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Power Dynamics in Deviance

Powerful groups determine what is considered deviant behavior.

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Context of Deviance

Deviance is understood through specific situations and circumstances.

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Causes of Deviance

Factors influencing why individuals engage in deviant behavior.

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Response to Deviance

The societal reaction to norm violations and its real-life consequences.

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Consequences of Deviance

Impact on individuals, including criminalization or ostracization.

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Positivist Theories

Theories that aim to explain the causes of deviant behavior.

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Impact of Deviance

Deviance can lead to significant societal issues, including violence.

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Changes in Understanding of Deviance

The shift from blaming evil spirits to biological and social explanations for deviance.

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Pre-18th Century Beliefs

Deviance was often attributed to evil spirits and religious superstition before the 18th century.

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Judeo-Christian View

Beliefs that evil spirits tempt humans leading to sinful behaviors, emphasizing free will.

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Biological Explanations

Understanding deviance through human biology and genetic makeup.

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Social Explanations

The perspective that social interactions and environments shape deviant behavior.

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Psychological Aspects of Deviance

Factors related to human thought processes and mental state that contribute to deviant behavior.

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Historical Theories of Deviance

Early theories were based on superstition and religious beliefs rather than scientific analysis.

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Pathology and Evil Spirits

Historical belief that any abnormal behavior stemmed from evil spirits influencing individuals.

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Anomie

A state of normlessness leading to deviance due to lack of societal guidance.

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Social Solidarity

The bonds and shared values that unite members of a society, essential for functioning norms.

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Deviance and Society

Deviance tests societal boundaries and can reduce tensions through an outlet for response.

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Durkheim's Suicide Theory

Suicide rates vary with social bonds, influenced by integration and moral regulation.

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Anomic Suicide

Suicide resulting from moral confusion and lack of direction in a chaotic society.

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Social Integration

The degree to which individuals are connected and integrated into their community.

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Moral Regulation

Control provided by societal norms that guide acceptable behavior within community interactions.

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Impact of Rapid Change

Rapid social changes can disrupt norms, leading to an increased risk of anomie.

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Systematic Doubt

The practice of critically questioning beliefs until proven true.

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Empirical Verification

Confirming ideas through observation and experiment rather than theory alone.

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Naturalistic Explanations

Understanding phenomena based on reason and scientific observation.

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Cesare Lombroso

Italian criminologist who studied physical attributes linked to criminal behavior.

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Tattoo Correlation

Lombroso found a link between tattoos and rule-breaking behavior in soldiers.

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Skull Measurements

Lombroso measured skull sizes to identify potential criminals.

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Atavism

The concept that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to less evolved ancestors.

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Stigmata

Physical traits indicating atavism and potential criminality.

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Evolutionary Theory in Crime

Applying Darwin's theory to suggest criminals are less evolved.

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Types of Offenders

Different offenders exhibit unique atavistic traits as bodily 'stigmata'.

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Self-Control Theory

A theory explaining crime and deviance through individual self-control levels.

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Low Self-Control

Predisposition towards deviance due to impulsivity or risk-seeking behavior.

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Parenting and Self-Control

Quality of parenting affects the development of self-control in children.

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Stability of Self-Control

Self-control traits generally remain stable throughout a person's life.

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Gratification and Deviance

Deviant behavior often provides immediate gratification of desires.

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Pathways to Gratification

Deviant actions offer easier and simpler ways to satisfy desires.

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Personality Differences in Deviance

Certain personality traits predispose individuals to engage in deviant behavior.

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Commitment to Jobs

Inconclusive research on how job commitments affect deviance levels.

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Status Frustration Theory

Explains how school inequalities reproduce societal structures and affect student behavior.

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Middle-Class Measuring Rod

Standards set by schools that align with middle-class values, affecting poor students negatively.

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Delayed Gratification

The ability to wait for a reward instead of opting for an immediate reward.

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Oppositional Standards

Standards developed by those unable to meet societal expectations, leading to deviance.

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Creation of Delinquent Subculture

A group that develops values and behaviors that oppose mainstream ideals, often for immediate rewards.

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Differential Association Theory

Theory that deviance is learned through interaction with others, not inherited.

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Neutralization Theory

Techniques people use to rationalize deviant behavior, easing guilt.

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Denial of Responsibility

A technique in neutralization claiming the individual had no control over their actions.

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Denial of Injury

Minimizing harm caused by a deviant act to justify it.

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Social Learning Theory

Theory that behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and the rewards associated with actions.

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Differential Reinforcement

The idea that the likelihood of behaving depends on the rewards or punishments received.

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Primary Learning vs. Secondary Learning

Primary learning is direct influence from peers, while secondary learning is indirect influence from societal norms.

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Techniques of Neutralization

Methods used to justify deviant actions, allowing individuals to feel better about their behavior.

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Rationalizations of Deviance

Beliefs that create a favorable attitude toward deviant behavior, making it acceptable.

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Imitation in Learning

Copying behaviors observed in others, especially those rewarded for their actions.

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Me and I Concept

The 'me' is influenced by how others perceive us, while the 'I' is the active self that reacts to this influence.

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Accepting Situations

Acknowledging how others assess us and accepting their perspectives without dispute.

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Changing Perceptions

Attempting to shift how others view us by presenting a different image or behavior.

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Challenging Reflections

Questioning the accuracy of others' perceptions about us to assert our true self.

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Impact of Feedback

The way we see ourselves and act is deeply influenced by feedback from others.

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Interaction and Identity

Our identities are formed through interactions and the messages we receive from others.

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Self-Representation

The process of presenting ourselves in a way that we want others to perceive us.

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Social Influences on Self

Understanding ourselves is greatly affected by social interactions and the evaluations of others.

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Interpretive Theories

Theories emphasizing social interaction and meanings around deviance.

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Symbolic Interactionism

A theory focusing on how people create meaning through interactions.

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Labelling Theories

Theories examining how labels affect individuals and groups labeled as deviant.

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Deviant Career

The process by which individuals adopt a deviant identity through roles.

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Conflict Theories

Theories analyzing social conflicts and power relations influencing deviance.

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Social Construction of Deviance

The idea that deviance is created by societal context and culture.

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Herbert Mead's 'I' and 'Me'

Concepts describing the active self ('I') and the responsive self ('Me').

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Early Interactionist Critique

Challenges the notion that deviance is inherently wrong or fixed.

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Cultural Practice of Deviance

The role of cultural or social practices in defining deviance.

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Changing Categories of Deviance

The idea that what is considered deviant changes over time and context.

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Primary Deviance

Initial acts of rule breaking that go unnoticed.

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Secondary Deviance

A deviant lifestyle that forms after being labeled as deviant.

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Tertiary Deviants

Individuals who reject their deviant labels and embrace them instead.

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Master Status

A core characteristic that defines how others see a person.

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Neutralization Techniques

Methods to rationalize or justify deviant behavior.

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Looking Glass Self

The perception of how we think others see us, influencing our self-identity.

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Significant Others

Individuals whose opinions significantly impact our behaviors and self-identity.

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Generalized Other

The societal views and expectations that influence our self-perception.

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Labeling Theory

The concept that deviance is defined by societal labels applied to behaviors.

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Dramatization of Evil

The process where a single act of deviance leads to a perception of an individual as entirely evil.

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Consequences of Labeling

Effects of being labeled as deviant, impacting behavior and self-identity.

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Self-Identity Change

The transformation of how individuals view themselves after being labeled deviant.

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Tannenbaum's Concept

Once labeled, individuals may adopt the negative judgment into their overall identity.

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Negative Sanctions

Punishments or social repercussions for violating social norms.

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Impact of Socialization

How society and interactions shape behaviors, identities, and perceptions.

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Turning Points

Events influencing a person's path toward or away from deviance.

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Instrumental Marxism

Law reflects the interests of the ruling capitalist class, promoting inequality.

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Structural Marxism

Laws serve the system of capitalism, not individuals, to maintain order.

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Instrumental vs. Structural Marxism

Instrumental focuses on ruling class advantages; structural emphasizes systemic protection.

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Power-Reflexive Theory

Different discourses exist, shaping knowledge and truth influenced by power.

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False Consciousness

Belief in a rational worldview that benefits the powerful, blinding the powerless.

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Cultural Conflict Theory

Conflicts arise when diverse cultural norms clash within society.

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Pluralist Conflict Theory

Society’s structure is influenced by various conflicting groups beyond economics.

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Class Struggle

Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat defining social relations and deviance.

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Moral Code Constructs

Powerful groups shape dominant morals defining crime and deviance.

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Social Justice Movement

Efforts toward equity and justice for powerless groups in society.

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Revolutionary Change

Change requires direct action against established power structures.

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Stigmatization

The process of labeling someone as deviant, often leading to their exclusion from social groups.

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Backstage Self

The true self we reveal in private settings, away from public scrutiny.

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Spoiled Identity

A person's identity permanently affected by stigma, causing them to be viewed as deviant regardless of behavior.

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Impression Management

The efforts individuals make to control how others perceive them.

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Signed Vehicles

Methods used to communicate identity and social status to others through behavior and appearance.

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Front Stage Self

The persona individuals present in public settings, often influenced by audience expectations.

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Deviant Behavior Spiral

When stigmatized individuals engage in more deviance as a response to their label.

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Social Context

The environment and circumstances influencing how behaviors are perceived as deviant.

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Cowering

A response to stigma where individuals withdraw from uncomfortable situations due to their deviant label.

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Dramaturgical Approach

A perspective suggesting life is like a stage where people perform different roles depending on the audience.

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Social Isolation

Exclusion from social groups due to stigmatization or labeling as deviant.

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Deviance Labeling Theory

The theory that suggests how the act of labeling affects individuals' self-identity and behavior.

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Study Notes

What is Deviance?

  • Deviance is more than just illegal acts; it encompasses behaviors and identities that are considered unusual or different, not necessarily illegal.
  • It can include practices like having tattoos or not having children.
  • Deviance is contextual, existing only in relation to societal norms and expectations within a specific group or location.
  • Societal norms are influenced by many factors.
  • Deviance is defined as a behavior, characteristic, or person that is socially categorized as deviant and subject to social control measures.

Types of Deviance

  • Negative deviance involves actions that violate accepted social expectations and expectations regarding certain situations.
  • Positive deviance involves superior behaviors or behaviors that surpass expectations, depart from norms in favorable ways.

Social Norms

  • Social norms are established expectations of behaviors and conduct in various situations.
  • They significantly influence how individuals interact with others in society and the world around them.
  • Violations of norms often result in reactions or sanctions.

Is Compliance Necessary?

  • Norm compliance is essential for maintaining social order and stability.
  • Social norms evolve over time and change.
  • Changes do not happen abruptly.

Social Norms Vary

  • Social norms vary according to location, time, gender, race, sexuality, or cultural origin.
  • What is considered normal in one place, time, or group may be considered deviant in another.

Objective/Subjective Continuum

  • Absolute Moral Order: There is inherent morality in the world; behaviors are either good or bad. Deviance is a specific behavior violating this inherent order.
  • Radical Constructionism: Focuses on how society perceives and reacts to behavior, not just the behavior itself.
  • Deviance is socially constructed; rules are determined by individuals and groups who have power in society.

Determining Deviance

  • Statistical Rarity: A behavior is considered deviant if it's uncommon. However, this measure has several limitations, as the criteria for 'rare' are not precisely defined, and the definition of rarity can be subjective.
  • Harm: Behaviors are considered deviant if they cause harm, physically, emotionally or to society in general. This measure can be subjective too.
  • Negative Societal Reaction: Deviance is determined by the negative societal responses it triggers.
  • Normative Violation: Deviance is defined as a violation of established social norms.

Societal Reaction to Deviance

  • Deviance is judged based on society's response to behavior, which varies over time and depends on social dynamics.
  • Responses are categorized as negative, tolerant, or denial.
  • Social groups can either judge behaviors in a negative way or romanticize them.

Normative Violation & Deviance

  • There are two views on cultural norms: absolutist and culturally specific.
  • Absolutist view considers some norms inherently good or bad regardless of culture.
  • Culturally specific approach recognizes that norms vary across cultures.
  • Often, norms are not written or explicit but instead are implied rules of behavior.
  • Folkways are everyday behaviors; mores are fundamental moral norms.
  • Laws are established norms backed by legal systems.

The Importance of Power

  • Powerful individuals or groups shape societal norms and definitions of deviance, determining what is acceptable or not acceptable.
  • Various groups can influence this process: politicians, scientists, religious institutions, media, and commercial enterprises. Moral entrepreneurs are key figures in this process, actively trying to bring about changes in social norms.

Subjectivism & Social Construction of Deviance

  • Deviance is not inherent and varies according to time, culture, and power dynamics.
  • It's a label or a social trait constructed by particular societies.
  • Dominant moral codes and opinions create expectations and standards within that construction. The text emphasizes that it's not just about the act but the societal reaction.

Levels of Social Construction

  • Sociocultural, Institutional, Interactional, and Individual levels work together to construct social understandings of deviance. The diagram depicting these levels is a powerful visual aid.

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