Sociology Exam 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

Which methodology did Auguste Comte use to study the social world?

Positivism

What was Auguste Comte concerned about regarding society?

What holds society together

Who wrote the first book on research methodology?

<p>Harriet Martineau</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant work did Harriet Martineau do regarding the works of male sociologists?

<p>Translated key works into English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed social Darwinism and the concept of survival of the fittest?

<p>Herbert Spencer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Karl Marx is correctly described as the father of communism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives human history according to Karl Marx?

<p>Social class struggle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who established sociology as an academic discipline in Europe?

<p>Emile Durkheim</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Emile Durkheim study that impacts individual lives?

<p>Social facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a major social force according to Emile Durkheim?

<p>Social integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of Max Weber's influential work?

<p>The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Max Weber advocate for in sociology?

<p>Value-free sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the first sociology department organized in the US?

<p>1892</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many subfields are there approximately in sociology?

<p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year saw the establishment of the professional organization for sociology?

<p>1905</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables us to grasp history and biography and the relationship between the two?

<p>Sociological perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard?

<p>W E B DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did W E B DuBois study?

<p>Race relations in America</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contributions did Jane Addams make to public welfare?

<p>Pioneer of public welfare, juvenile justice system, and social work development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first sociologist to receive a Nobel Peace Prize?

<p>Jane Addams</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fieldwork in sociology?

<p>A method where the researcher participates in the activities of the group being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a complete participant in sociological research?

<p>The researchers group is not informed of the researcher's identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a participant observer in sociological research?

<p>The researcher's identity is known to the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a complete observer in research?

<p>The researcher is not known to the people in a public setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did we do the Racism reading?

<p>To evaluate research methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did we do the Ex-convict reading?

<p>To evaluate research methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did we study the History/Social impact on families reading?

<p>To evaluate research methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does micro level study focus on?

<p>Face-to-face interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does meso level study focus on?

<p>Specific organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does macro level study examine?

<p>Entire social structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis does symbolic interactionization use?

<p>Face-to-face or micro analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis does functionalism use?

<p>Macro analysis that emphasizes order and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term manifest refer to?

<p>Intended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term latent refer to?

<p>Unintended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conflict theory emphasize?

<p>Disorder, inequality, exploitation, oppression, social turmoil, and social change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of methods fall under quantitative designs?

<p>Experiments, surveys, content analysis, use of existing statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of methods fall under qualitative designs?

<p>Unobtrusive measures, interviews, observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

<p>Believed to influence another variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dependent variable?

<p>Believed to be influenced by the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Sociologists and Concepts

  • Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology" and advocated for the use of positivism, employing scientific methods to study social phenomena.
  • Comte focused on societal cohesion and the forces that hold society together.
  • Harriet Martineau authored the first book on research methodology in sociology and translated important works of male sociologists into English.
  • Herbert Spencer introduced the concept of social Darwinism and is known for the phrase "survival of the fittest."
  • Karl Marx, often misattributed as the father of communism, highlighted social class struggle as a fundamental driver of human history.
  • Emile Durkheim established sociology as a formal academic discipline in Europe, emphasizing the study of "social facts" and the significance of social integration.
  • Max Weber is recognized for his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and promoted the idea of value-free sociology to maintain objectivity.
  • W.E.B. DuBois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard, focusing on race relations in America.
  • Jane Addams is a pioneer in public welfare and social work, and she was the first sociologist to receive a Nobel Peace Prize.

Sociology Development Milestones

  • The first sociology department in the United States was established in 1892.
  • Around 70 subfields exist within sociology, reflecting the broad scope of the discipline.
  • A professional organization for sociology was established in 1905.

Research Methods in Sociology

  • Fieldwork is a common method where the researcher engages with the community being studied.
  • Complete Participation involves the researcher being unknown to the group, allowing for immersion without bias.
  • Participant Observation permits the researcher's identity to be known and allows for selective participation in group activities.
  • Complete Observation occurs in public settings where the researcher observes without interacting or being recognized.

Sociological Perspectives

  • The Sociological Imagination provides a framework for understanding the connections between individual experiences and larger societal influences.
  • Micro-level analysis focuses on face-to-face interactions, while meso-level analysis studies specific organizations, such as comparing city governments.
  • Macro-level analysis examines entire social structures and broader societal trends.

Theoretical Frameworks

  • Symbolic Interaction Theory emphasizes micro-level interactions and how individuals create meaning through social exchanges.
  • Functionalism employs macro-level analysis, focusing on social order, stability, and the functions of societal components.
  • Conflict Theory critiques social order by highlighting issues of inequality, exploitation, and the potential for social transformation.

Research Designs

  • Quantitative Designs include experiments, surveys, content analysis, and the use of existing statistics.
  • Qualitative Designs incorporate unobtrusive measures, interviews, and observation for deeper insights into social phenomena.

Variables in Research

  • The Independent Variable is presumed to influence another variable, while the Dependent Variable is believed to be affected by the independent variable.

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Prepare for your Sociology Exam with these flashcards focusing on key contributors and concepts in sociology. Explore the ideas of Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau, including their methodologies and definitions. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of sociological fundamentals.

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