Questions and Answers
Who coined the term sociology?
Auguste Comte
Which methodology did Auguste Comte use to study the social world?
Positivism
What was Auguste Comte concerned about regarding society?
What holds society together
Who wrote the first book on research methodology?
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What significant work did Harriet Martineau do regarding the works of male sociologists?
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Who developed social Darwinism and the concept of survival of the fittest?
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Karl Marx is correctly described as the father of communism.
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What drives human history according to Karl Marx?
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Who established sociology as an academic discipline in Europe?
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What did Emile Durkheim study that impacts individual lives?
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What is considered a major social force according to Emile Durkheim?
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What is the title of Max Weber's influential work?
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What concept did Max Weber advocate for in sociology?
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In what year was the first sociology department organized in the US?
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How many subfields are there approximately in sociology?
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What year saw the establishment of the professional organization for sociology?
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What enables us to grasp history and biography and the relationship between the two?
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Who was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard?
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What did W E B DuBois study?
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What significant contributions did Jane Addams make to public welfare?
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Who was the first sociologist to receive a Nobel Peace Prize?
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What is fieldwork in sociology?
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What is a complete participant in sociological research?
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What is a participant observer in sociological research?
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What defines a complete observer in research?
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Why did we do the Racism reading?
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Why did we do the Ex-convict reading?
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Why did we study the History/Social impact on families reading?
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What does micro level study focus on?
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What does meso level study focus on?
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What does macro level study examine?
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What type of analysis does symbolic interactionization use?
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What type of analysis does functionalism use?
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What does the term manifest refer to?
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What does the term latent refer to?
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What does conflict theory emphasize?
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What types of methods fall under quantitative designs?
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What types of methods fall under qualitative designs?
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What is an independent variable?
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What is a dependent variable?
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Study Notes
Key Sociologists and Concepts
- Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology" and advocated for the use of positivism, employing scientific methods to study social phenomena.
- Comte focused on societal cohesion and the forces that hold society together.
- Harriet Martineau authored the first book on research methodology in sociology and translated important works of male sociologists into English.
- Herbert Spencer introduced the concept of social Darwinism and is known for the phrase "survival of the fittest."
- Karl Marx, often misattributed as the father of communism, highlighted social class struggle as a fundamental driver of human history.
- Emile Durkheim established sociology as a formal academic discipline in Europe, emphasizing the study of "social facts" and the significance of social integration.
- Max Weber is recognized for his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and promoted the idea of value-free sociology to maintain objectivity.
- W.E.B. DuBois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard, focusing on race relations in America.
- Jane Addams is a pioneer in public welfare and social work, and she was the first sociologist to receive a Nobel Peace Prize.
Sociology Development Milestones
- The first sociology department in the United States was established in 1892.
- Around 70 subfields exist within sociology, reflecting the broad scope of the discipline.
- A professional organization for sociology was established in 1905.
Research Methods in Sociology
- Fieldwork is a common method where the researcher engages with the community being studied.
- Complete Participation involves the researcher being unknown to the group, allowing for immersion without bias.
- Participant Observation permits the researcher's identity to be known and allows for selective participation in group activities.
- Complete Observation occurs in public settings where the researcher observes without interacting or being recognized.
Sociological Perspectives
- The Sociological Imagination provides a framework for understanding the connections between individual experiences and larger societal influences.
- Micro-level analysis focuses on face-to-face interactions, while meso-level analysis studies specific organizations, such as comparing city governments.
- Macro-level analysis examines entire social structures and broader societal trends.
Theoretical Frameworks
- Symbolic Interaction Theory emphasizes micro-level interactions and how individuals create meaning through social exchanges.
- Functionalism employs macro-level analysis, focusing on social order, stability, and the functions of societal components.
- Conflict Theory critiques social order by highlighting issues of inequality, exploitation, and the potential for social transformation.
Research Designs
- Quantitative Designs include experiments, surveys, content analysis, and the use of existing statistics.
- Qualitative Designs incorporate unobtrusive measures, interviews, and observation for deeper insights into social phenomena.
Variables in Research
- The Independent Variable is presumed to influence another variable, while the Dependent Variable is believed to be affected by the independent variable.
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Description
Prepare for your Sociology Exam with these flashcards focusing on key contributors and concepts in sociology. Explore the ideas of Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau, including their methodologies and definitions. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of sociological fundamentals.
