Sociology Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a symbol?

A symbol is a thing that stands for or represents something. An example would be the school colors or a mascot.

What theoretical perspective says that the people with the most power are seen as the most valuable in society?

Conflict theory

A boycott of businesses that practiced segregation in the 1960s is an example of what?

Informal sanctions

How do sociologists define society?

<p>A group of people who inhabit a specific territory and that share a common culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does material culture differ from nonmaterial culture?

<p>Material culture refers to physical objects while nonmaterial culture refers to beliefs and customs passed down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of the symbol at the school.

<p>Raising your hand in class is a symbol for wanting to help or asking a question.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define symbol.

<p>Not based on physical characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of nonmaterial aspects of culture.

<p>Beliefs, rules, family customs, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the global popularity of Hollywood movies?

<p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective of sociology?

<p>Focuses on the patterns of behavior in social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the baby using when they wave bye-bye?

<p>A symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did W.E.B. Dubois add to sociology?

<p>Social activist who was involved in the Pan-African movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Emile Durkheim add to sociology?

<p>Sociologist who stressed the importance of consensus in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Marx add to sociology?

<p>Believed there was a conflict between classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Max Weber add to sociology?

<p>Stressed that people behave based on their understanding of the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jane Addams add to sociology?

<p>Social reformer who founded Chicago Hull House.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are drives?

<p>Impulses to reduce discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the sociological perspective.

<p>Focuses on the social, or group, level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the hypothesis of linguistic relativity.

<p>Theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sociologists mean by theoretical perspective?

<p>A set of assumptions about an area of study accepted as true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common act of throwing rice at the bride and groom at weddings an example of?

<p>Folkway</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does language relate to culture?

<p>It must be learned through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which radical perspective is the distribution of power the most important aspect?

<p>Conflict perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements of culture?

<p>Knowledge of language, values, customs, and physical objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the presence of cultural universals?

<p>Biological similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theoretical perspective stresses that people can communicate only because they share words, gestures, and physical objects that have similar meanings to all of them?

<p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is raising your hand in class and waiting to be called on before speaking an example of?

<p>Norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a cultural universal.

<p>Marriage, sports, cooking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one value that has changed over time in the United States?

<p>Equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the contributions of each part of society and how these parts work together to create a unified whole?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the US, most people believe that every child is entitled to an education; what is this an example of?

<p>Value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sociological imagination?

<p>The ability to see the link between society and self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the basic values of the US?

<p>Achievement and success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between actual culture and ideal culture?

<p>Members of society believe everyone should have the same opportunities regardless of race, however many still discriminate against minority groups is an example.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective shows that people can communicate because they share words, gestures, and physical objects that have similar meanings to all of them?

<p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Symbols and Their Significance

  • Symbols represent something beyond themselves, such as school colors or mascots.
  • Everyday symbols include gestures, like raising a hand in class, which indicates a desire to participate.

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

  • Conflict Theory: Suggests individuals or groups with power are valued more in society, leading to social hierarchies.
  • Functionalism: Emphasizes how each part of society contributes to a cohesive whole and functions interdependently.
  • Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on shared meanings and symbols, allowing effective communication within a culture.

Cultural Concepts

  • Material Culture: Comprises tangible objects that represent a culture, such as art, buildings, and technology.
  • Nonmaterial Culture: Involves intangible beliefs, values, and customs, like family traditions and societal rules.
  • Cultural Universals: Certain practices, like marriage, sports, and cooking, are found across all societies due to basic biological similarities.

Societal Structures and Functions

  • Society is defined as a group of people sharing a common culture within a specific territory.
  • Norms are expected standards of behavior, such as raising a hand before speaking in class to show respect and order.
  • Folkways: Informal norms that guide everyday behavior, like throwing rice at weddings to symbolize fertility and prosperity.

Social Change and Values

  • Values within American society include achievement, success, and the belief in equality, though real practices may differ, highlighting the gap between ideal and actual culture.
  • The sociology imagination refers to understanding the relationship between individual experiences and larger societal forces.

Contributions from Key Sociologists

  • W.E.B. Du Bois: A social activist who contributed to pan-Africanism and focused on racial issues.
  • Emile Durkheim: Highlighted the importance of social consensus for societal stability.
  • Karl Marx: Viewed society through the lens of class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
  • Max Weber: Emphasized understanding social behavior through individuals' interpretations and interactions.
  • Jane Addams: Known for her role as a social reformer, notably founding Hull House in Chicago.

Language and Communication

  • Language is culturally ingrained and learned through generations, playing a crucial role in preserving and conveying culture.
  • Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity: Proposes that people's understanding of reality is shaped by the language they speak.

Social Sanctions and Responses

  • Informal sanctions, such as boycotts, serve as social reactions against commonly disapproved practices, like segregation.
  • Drives are inherent impulses that exist to mitigate discomfort, influencing behavior and actions within societies.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Sociology Chapters 1 and 3 with these flashcards. Explore definitions and examples of symbols, conflict theory, and historical events related to social movements. A great way to reinforce your understanding of fundamental sociological principles.

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