Questions and Answers
What is the definition of a population?
What does the count refer to in sociology?
Absolute number of a population or any event occurring in a specific area at a specific time.
What is a ratio?
Value obtained by dividing count by another count.
Define rate in the context of sociology.
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What does a population pyramid display?
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What is the growth balance equation?
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What is the crude birth rate?
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Define natural increase.
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What is net migration?
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What are period effects?
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What is a cohort?
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Who is Thomas Malthus?
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What are the principles of population according to Malthus?
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Define positive check.
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What is a preventative check?
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Define food insecurity.
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Who are neo-Malthusians?
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What is the Tragedy of the Commons?
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What is demographic transition?
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What does antinatalist mean?
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What does pronatalist mean?
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Define doubling time.
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What is the IPAT equation?
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Define momentum in population studies.
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What is a population projection?
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Define carrying capacity.
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What is time lag in demographic studies?
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Define threshold effect.
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What is synergy in environmental stress?
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What is the general fertility rate (GFR)?
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Define age-specific fertility rate.
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What is the total fertility rate?
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Define replacement fertility.
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What is demographic transition theory?
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Study Notes
Key Terms and Concepts in Sociology
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Population: Refers to a collection of people alive at a certain time, defined by specific criteria, that persists even as individual members change.
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Count: The absolute number of people or events occurring within a defined area and time.
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Ratio: A value derived from dividing one count by another, useful for comparison.
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Rate: A specific type of ratio that measures how frequently an event occurs in a population over a designated time period.
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Population Pyramid: A graphical representation showcasing the age and sex composition of a population.
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Growth Balance Equation: The formula showing that a population at a given time equals its size at a prior time plus births, minus deaths, plus net migration.
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Crude Birth Rate: Calculated by dividing the number of births in a time period by the total number of person-years lived in the population during that period.
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Natural Increase: The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population.
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Net Migration: The balance of immigrants and emigrants in a specific area.
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Period Effects: Societal-wide consequences resulting from historical events that impact everyone.
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Cohort: A group that experiences a particular demographic event within a specific time frame.
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Thomas Malthus: An influential thinker known for his work "An Essay on the Principles of Population," who examined the relationship between population growth and social conditions.
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Principles of Population: Key assertions from Malthus asserting the necessity of food for survival and the enduring nature of sexual passion.
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Positive Check: Factors of a physical or moral nature (e.g., disease, starvation, war) that can lead to increased mortality.
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Preventative Check: Social strategies to limit births, including abstinence and delayed marriages, particularly among the poor.
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Food Insecurity: A state characterized by insufficient physical, social, or economic access to safe and nutritious food.
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Neo-Malthusians: A group that believes moral restraint does not limit population growth.
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Tragedy of the Commons: A concept highlighting how shared costs lead to lower individual costs, while benefits accrued by individuals can result in greater overall harm.
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Demographic Transition: Refers to the shifts in population structure due to economic changes.
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Antinatalist: Individuals who advocate for reducing birth rates.
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Pronatalist: Advocates for increasing birth rates as a counter to population losses from war or crises.
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Doubling Time: The estimated period required for a population to double in size.
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IPAT Equation: A formula expressing that human impact (I) is the product of population size (P), affluence (A), and technology (T).
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Momentum: The ongoing process of population growth that persists even when birth rates decline.
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Population Projection: Analytical tools estimating future population sizes, particularly unreliable beyond a 15-year scope.
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Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size that the Earth can sustainably support, influenced by technological and environmental factors.
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Time Lag: The delay in population growth response to changes in fertility rates, usually lasting for about two birth generations.
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Threshold Effect: A phenomenon where stressors accumulate until a certain point, after which each additional stress sharply impacts the system.
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Synergy: The occurrence where combined environmental stresses produce a greater effect than the stresses do when considered separately.
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General Fertility Rate (GFR): The yearly number of births divided by the mid-year population of women aged 15 to 49.
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Age-Specific Fertility Rate: The counts of births to women of a specific age divided by the mid-year population of that age group.
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Total Fertility Rate: An estimate of the average number of children a woman would have if she survives to age 50, accounting for childbearing years.
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Replacement Fertility: The total fertility rate needed to ensure that the population replaces itself (approximately 2.1 births per woman).
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Demographic Transition Theory: Outlines the decrease in mortality and fertility rates experienced as a society progresses economically.
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Test your understanding of key concepts in Sociology 170 with these flashcards. Covering essential terms like population, count, and ratio, this quiz is designed to help you prepare effectively for Exam 1. Perfect for students at UW-Madison striving for success in their sociology course.