Soc Lesson 13

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of socialization according to functionalists?

To create social change and revolution

To promote individuality and creativity

To challenge the existing social order

To maintain society, strengthen social order, and pass down culture (correct)

What is the term used to describe the process of giving up one role and taking on another?

Socialization

Acculturation

Internalization

Resocialization (correct)

According to functionalists, what is the result of poor socialization?

Smooth transitions from one role to another

Increased creativity and individuality

A stronger sense of social responsibility

Breakdown of the social system and aberrant behavior (correct)

What is the analogy used to describe the socialization process by functionalists?

An inoculation Signup and view all the answers

Who is the theorist associated with the concept of role expectations in socialization?

Talcott Parsons Signup and view all the answers

According to George Herbert Mead, what is the importance of playing with others in our self-development?

It teaches us how to assume the position of the other. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by Mead to describe our sense of what other people think of us generally?

Generalized other Signup and view all the answers

What is the third stage of role-playing according to Mead?

Team sports Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of symbolic interactionism in the analysis of socialization?

The role of primary groups in shaping social identity Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of the ego, according to Mead?

I and me Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how does our concept of self develop?

Through social engagement and interaction with others Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'I' and 'me' in Mead's theory?

The 'I' is the subject of oneself, and the 'me' is the self as an object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary weakness of the feminist perspective on socialization?

It ignores other forms of social oppression and inequality Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'looking-glass self' according to Cooley?

The way others perceive us and our response to it Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a favourable reflection in the 'looking-glass self'?

A positive self-concept Signup and view all the answers

According to the conflict perspective, what is the primary purpose of socialization?

To uphold the status quo and justify preexisting social inequities Signup and view all the answers

What role does the media play in the socialization process, according to conflict theorists?

It encourages racial, gender, and age stereotypes and reinforces the status quo Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals from upper-class backgrounds experience socialization, according to conflict theorists?

They are socialized to assume leadership roles and develop skills to interact with those in lower social classes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of resocialization, according to conflict theorists?

It reinforces the value of status hierarchies and compliance with the laws set forth by those in authority Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the socialization process, according to conflict theorists?

It is a multifaceted process that involves competing and contradictory attitudes and values Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of personality that seeks immediate gratification, according to Freud?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ego, according to Freud's theory of personality development?

To act as a check and balance between the id and social pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of moral development characterized by avoiding trouble, according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the internalized cultural standards and values adopted from social groups, according to Freud?

Superego Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when the ego is unable to manage the struggle between the id and the superego, according to Freud?

Internal conflict and problematic behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development do most people not reach?

Postconventional stage Signup and view all the answers

What was Carol Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's research?

Kohlberg only studied men Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between men and women in terms of moral judgment, according to some research?

Men are more concerned with abstract notions of right and wrong, while women are more concerned with interpersonal ties Signup and view all the answers

What did Paul Ekman's research on emotions suggest?

Emotions are purely biological and universally expressed across cultures Signup and view all the answers

How do people convey their emotions beyond facial expressions?

Through their words, gestures, and bodies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Socialization from Theoretical Perspectives

Functional Approach

Socialization plays a crucial role in maintaining society, strengthening the social order, and passing down culture from one generation to the next.
People are socialized with the attitudes, values, beliefs, and conventions necessary to take on roles and responsibilities.
Resocialization is essential for smooth transitions from one stage of life to another (e.g., from home to school, from work to education).
According to functionalists, socialization breakdown leads to social system breakdown.
Functionalists blame the failure to internalize social standards and poor socialization for deviant behaviors.

Conflict Perspective

Socialization is used by individuals in positions of authority to maintain the status quo and justify social inequities.
Socialization prepares people from lower classes to show deference to those above them in the social hierarchy.
The media plays a significant role in shaping socialization, promoting stereotypes and reinforcing existing power structures.
Conflict theorists argue that socialization is a means of oppression and control, rewarding conformity and punishing those who challenge the status quo.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism focuses on micro-level analysis of social interaction, primary groups, and the interpretation of symbols.
Cooley's "looking-glass self" concept suggests that our self-concept is shaped by how we perceive others' responses to us.
Mead's concept of "role-taking" emphasizes the importance of play in developing our ability to assume the roles of others.

Feminist Approach

Socialization fosters patriarchy and maintains gender roles.
Socialization instructs people to internalize and accept gendered expectations and norms, which are often harmful to women and marginalized groups.
The feminist perspective emphasizes the role of socialization in establishing gendered identities and influencing how people view themselves and others.

Socialization into Self and Mind

Socialization shapes our self-concept and influences how we perceive and interact with others.
Cooley's "looking-glass self" concept and Mead's "role-taking" concept are key to understanding how socialization influences our self-concept.

Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions

Freud's theory of personality development suggests that personality is made up of the id, ego, and superego.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that moral development occurs in a series of stages, from amoral to postconventional.
Gilligan's research on gender differences in morality suggests that women are more likely to judge morality in terms of interpersonal ties.
Emotions are shaped by socialization, and sociologists research how socialization influences our emotional development.

Let me know if you need me to revise anything!### Universal Emotions

Paul Ekman's research (1980) identified six basic emotions that are universally felt: anger, disgust, fear, pleasure, sadness, and surprise
These emotions are accompanied by the same facial expressions across cultures and nations
Ekman concluded that these emotions are hardwired into our DNA due to the universal facial expressions associated with them

Expressing Emotions

Emotions can be expressed through various means, including facial expressions, words, gestures, and body language
Charles Darwin emphasized the biological aspect of universal facial expressions, highlighting their significance in sociology

Socialization and Emotions

Socialization influences how emotions are expressed, with cultural, social class, and situational "rules" affecting emotional expression
Gender also plays a role in emotional expression, with different expectations for men and women in certain situations
For example, American women are more likely to publicly express joyous surprise through physical gestures, whereas men may be discouraged from doing so due to cultural norms

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Understand the theoretical perspectives of socialization, including functional, conflict, and feminist approaches, and explore the process of socialization into self and mind.