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Questions and Answers
Where do B cells and T cells originate from?
Where do B cells and T cells originate from?
Both B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, but only B lymphocytes mature there; T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to undergo their maturation.
Besides the bone marrow, where else do B cells mature?
Besides the bone marrow, where else do B cells mature?
B cells mature in the bone marrow or in the lymph node.
Where does B cell activation occur?
Where does B cell activation occur?
B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
T-dependent responses require help from T cells.
T-dependent responses require help from T cells.
T-independent responses require T-cell help.
T-independent responses require T-cell help.
When talking about B cells, do CD8 cells recognize a class 1 or class 2 peptide?
When talking about B cells, do CD8 cells recognize a class 1 or class 2 peptide?
CD4 cells like class 2 peptides would be found on what kind of cells?
CD4 cells like class 2 peptides would be found on what kind of cells?
What displays a foreign peptide to T cells?
What displays a foreign peptide to T cells?
The regions that cause CD8 and CD4 cells to leave and stay in the thymus are _____ and _____ respectively.
The regions that cause CD8 and CD4 cells to leave and stay in the thymus are _____ and _____ respectively.
Positive/negative selection of T cells occur at the same stage of development.
Positive/negative selection of T cells occur at the same stage of development.
Know the different types of T-helper cells.
Know the different types of T-helper cells.
What is a superantigen?
What is a superantigen?
What kind of cell do superantigens affect?
What kind of cell do superantigens affect?
Which reacts faster during a second encounter with a pathogen, a memory cell or a cytotoxic cell?
Which reacts faster during a second encounter with a pathogen, a memory cell or a cytotoxic cell?
What cells can typically activate a memory T cell?
What cells can typically activate a memory T cell?
What is a naive cell?
What is a naive cell?
What is hematopoiesis?
What is hematopoiesis?
Be able to tell how erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages differ from each other.
Be able to tell how erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages differ from each other.
What is membrane blebbing?
What is membrane blebbing?
What is anergy?
What is anergy?
What is the negative selection of T cells?
What is the negative selection of T cells?
What is the positive selection of T cells?
What is the positive selection of T cells?
What is apoptosis?
What is apoptosis?
What is clonal deletion?
What is clonal deletion?
Of the follicular B cells, which is most diverse genetically?
Of the follicular B cells, which is most diverse genetically?
What is self-tolerance?
What is self-tolerance?
What is the difference between negative and positive selection?
What is the difference between negative and positive selection?
What immunoglobulin do follicular B2 cells express high levels of?
What immunoglobulin do follicular B2 cells express high levels of?
If you have a cell type that's found in both T and C alleles, what would that cell be?
If you have a cell type that's found in both T and C alleles, what would that cell be?
Know the abbreviations for the different progenitor cells.
Know the abbreviations for the different progenitor cells.
What does T helper 17 do?
What does T helper 17 do?
What is the role of Treg cells?
What is the role of Treg cells?
A T helper 2 cell would be considered a cell-mediated response.
A T helper 2 cell would be considered a cell-mediated response.
What is the T-cell CD marker for CD4?
What is the T-cell CD marker for CD4?
What is the T-cell CD marker for CD8?
What is the T-cell CD marker for CD8?
What are double negative thymocytes?
What are double negative thymocytes?
What are double positive thymocytes?
What are double positive thymocytes?
What is the role of effector cytokines in T helper responses?
What is the role of effector cytokines in T helper responses?
What do mature naive B cells have on their surface?
What do mature naive B cells have on their surface?
At which stage does BDJ recombination occur?
At which stage does BDJ recombination occur?
What characterizes a pro-B cell?
What characterizes a pro-B cell?
What defines a pre-B cell?
What defines a pre-B cell?
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Study Notes
B and T Lymphocytes
- B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow; B cells mature there while T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation.
- B cells can also mature in lymph nodes, while B cell activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
T-Cell Response Types
- T-dependent responses are initiated upon recognizing protein antigens and require T-cell assistance.
- T-independent responses can occur without T-cell help through exposure to multivalent or polymerized antigens.
T Cell Recognition
- CD8 T cells recognize Class I peptides, engaging in innate processes.
- CD4 T-helper cells recognize Class II peptides, associated with adaptive immune responses.
Antigen Presentation
- MHC molecules present foreign peptides on cell surfaces for T-cell recognition.
- Positive selection in the thymus ensures T cells can bind to self-MHC; negative selection eliminates autoreactive T cells.
T Cell Development
- T cells develop through stages: double negative (DN), double positive (DP), and single positive, ultimately leading to CD4+ or CD8+ cells.
- TCR binding to MHC during development determines the subset differentiation of T cells.
Selection Processes
- Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex, allowing T cells that can interact with self-MHC to survive.
- Negative selection occurs in the medulla, leading to apoptosis of T cells that bind self-antigens too strongly.
T-Helper Cell Types
- TH1 cells respond to intracellular pathogens; TH2 cells target extracellular parasites; TH17 cells induce inflammation; TREG cells maintain immune homeostasis; TFH cells assist B cells in antibody production.
Superantigens and Cytokine Activation
- Superantigens activate T cells by binding to TCRs and MHC, bypassing normal costimulation, resulting in excessive cytokine production.
- Memory T cells respond more rapidly upon re-exposure to an antigen compared to naïve T cells.
Immune Tolerance and Anergy
- Self-tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues; loss of tolerance can lead to autoimmunity.
- Anergy describes a lack of immune response to an antigen despite the presence of specific lymphocytes.
Stem Cell Lineages
- Hematopoiesis encompasses the development of all blood cells.
- Lineages include erythroid (red blood cells), lymphoid (lymphocytes), and myeloid (various blood cells).
Immunoglobulins and B Cells
- Follicular B2 cells predominantly express IgG.
- Naïve B cells have not encountered an antigen and display IgD on their surface.
Apoptosis and Clonal Deletion
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death, distinct from necrosis, involving cellular blebbing.
- Clonal deletion removes B and T cells that are self-reactive, facilitating immune tolerance.
Stages of B Cell Development
- B cell development progresses through pro-B (no recombination) and pre-B stages (heavy chain rearranged but not light).
- The pro-B cell represents the earliest stage in B cell development without detectable recombination events.
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