Sociology Chapter 9 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Where do B cells and T cells originate from?

Both B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, but only B lymphocytes mature there; T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to undergo their maturation.

Besides the bone marrow, where else do B cells mature?

B cells mature in the bone marrow or in the lymph node.

Where does B cell activation occur?

B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

T-dependent responses require help from T cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

T-independent responses require T-cell help.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

When talking about B cells, do CD8 cells recognize a class 1 or class 2 peptide?

<p>CD8 cells recognize class 1 peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

CD4 cells like class 2 peptides would be found on what kind of cells?

<p>T-helper cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What displays a foreign peptide to T cells?

<p>MHC molecule takes foreign peptide and displays it out on the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The regions that cause CD8 and CD4 cells to leave and stay in the thymus are _____ and _____ respectively.

<p>thymic cortex, thymic medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive/negative selection of T cells occur at the same stage of development.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Know the different types of T-helper cells.

<p>TH1, TH2, TH17, TREG, TFH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a superantigen?

<p>Superantigen is a class of antigens that can cause toxic shock by activating a large number of T-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell do superantigens affect?

<p>Superantigens affect T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reacts faster during a second encounter with a pathogen, a memory cell or a cytotoxic cell?

<p>Memory cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells can typically activate a memory T cell?

<p>Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a naive cell?

<p>A cell that hasn't come across an antigen or a pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hematopoiesis?

<p>The development of all blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Be able to tell how erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages differ from each other.

<p>Erythroid: from multi-potential hematopoietic stem cell to erythrocytes; Lymphoid: from multi-potential stem cell to lymphocytes; Myeloid: from stem cell to myeloid lineage cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is membrane blebbing?

<p>A process that keeps an apoptotic cell from losing its membrane integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anergy?

<p>The absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the negative selection of T cells?

<p>The process where T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the positive selection of T cells?

<p>The process where T cells capable of binding surface self-MHC molecules survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis?

<p>Programmed cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is clonal deletion?

<p>The process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the follicular B cells, which is most diverse genetically?

<p>B2 cells are the most genetically diverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-tolerance?

<p>The immune system's ability to recognize what is 'self' and not attack it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between negative and positive selection?

<p>Positive selection ensures T cells can recognize peptide-MHC complexes; negative selection removes T cells that bind too strongly to self-antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immunoglobulin do follicular B2 cells express high levels of?

<p>IgG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have a cell type that's found in both T and C alleles, what would that cell be?

<p>It would be a parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Know the abbreviations for the different progenitor cells.

<p>HSCs (Hematopoietic stem cells), MPPs (Multipotential progenitor cells), LMPPs (Lymphoid-primed multipotential progenitors), ELPs (Early lymphoid progenitors), CLPs (Common lymphoid progenitors).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does T helper 17 do?

<p>Stimulates the innate immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Treg cells?

<p>Regulation of immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A T helper 2 cell would be considered a cell-mediated response.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the T-cell CD marker for CD4?

<p>Interacts with MHC class II molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the T-cell CD marker for CD8?

<p>Interacts with MHC class I molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are double negative thymocytes?

<p>Immature T cells in the thymus that lack expression of CD4 and CD8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are double positive thymocytes?

<p>Immature T cells that express both CD4 and CD8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of effector cytokines in T helper responses?

<p>They are involved in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do mature naive B cells have on their surface?

<p>IgD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does BDJ recombination occur?

<p>Pro-B cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a pro-B cell?

<p>It has no detectable recombination events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a pre-B cell?

<p>It has rearranged the heavy chain but not the light chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

B and T Lymphocytes

  • B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow; B cells mature there while T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation.
  • B cells can also mature in lymph nodes, while B cell activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

T-Cell Response Types

  • T-dependent responses are initiated upon recognizing protein antigens and require T-cell assistance.
  • T-independent responses can occur without T-cell help through exposure to multivalent or polymerized antigens.

T Cell Recognition

  • CD8 T cells recognize Class I peptides, engaging in innate processes.
  • CD4 T-helper cells recognize Class II peptides, associated with adaptive immune responses.

Antigen Presentation

  • MHC molecules present foreign peptides on cell surfaces for T-cell recognition.
  • Positive selection in the thymus ensures T cells can bind to self-MHC; negative selection eliminates autoreactive T cells.

T Cell Development

  • T cells develop through stages: double negative (DN), double positive (DP), and single positive, ultimately leading to CD4+ or CD8+ cells.
  • TCR binding to MHC during development determines the subset differentiation of T cells.

Selection Processes

  • Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex, allowing T cells that can interact with self-MHC to survive.
  • Negative selection occurs in the medulla, leading to apoptosis of T cells that bind self-antigens too strongly.

T-Helper Cell Types

  • TH1 cells respond to intracellular pathogens; TH2 cells target extracellular parasites; TH17 cells induce inflammation; TREG cells maintain immune homeostasis; TFH cells assist B cells in antibody production.

Superantigens and Cytokine Activation

  • Superantigens activate T cells by binding to TCRs and MHC, bypassing normal costimulation, resulting in excessive cytokine production.
  • Memory T cells respond more rapidly upon re-exposure to an antigen compared to naïve T cells.

Immune Tolerance and Anergy

  • Self-tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues; loss of tolerance can lead to autoimmunity.
  • Anergy describes a lack of immune response to an antigen despite the presence of specific lymphocytes.

Stem Cell Lineages

  • Hematopoiesis encompasses the development of all blood cells.
  • Lineages include erythroid (red blood cells), lymphoid (lymphocytes), and myeloid (various blood cells).

Immunoglobulins and B Cells

  • Follicular B2 cells predominantly express IgG.
  • Naïve B cells have not encountered an antigen and display IgD on their surface.

Apoptosis and Clonal Deletion

  • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, distinct from necrosis, involving cellular blebbing.
  • Clonal deletion removes B and T cells that are self-reactive, facilitating immune tolerance.

Stages of B Cell Development

  • B cell development progresses through pro-B (no recombination) and pre-B stages (heavy chain rearranged but not light).
  • The pro-B cell represents the earliest stage in B cell development without detectable recombination events.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Sociology Chapter 9. Learn about the origins and maturation processes of B and T lymphocytes. Perfect for revising key concepts and preparing for exams in immunology and sociology.

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