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Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except?
Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except?
Which theory argues that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories?
Which theory argues that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories?
In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that:
In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that:
The view that race intersects with class to shape one's experience in the social structure is a perspective related to:
The view that race intersects with class to shape one's experience in the social structure is a perspective related to:
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The situation for women in society should be studied separately within each social class because differences between men and women are not the same in every racial or class group. This is an argument of the perspective:
The situation for women in society should be studied separately within each social class because differences between men and women are not the same in every racial or class group. This is an argument of the perspective:
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The perspective that argues that minority groups' life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called:
The perspective that argues that minority groups' life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called:
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According to __________, social change is a slow and gradual process.
According to __________, social change is a slow and gradual process.
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__________ believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms of resistance to oppression.
__________ believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms of resistance to oppression.
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Understanding race and ethnicity as social constructions is a significant contribution of:
Understanding race and ethnicity as social constructions is a significant contribution of:
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At the time of their 'discovery,' Native Americans had:
At the time of their 'discovery,' Native Americans had:
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Which of these statements regarding the position of Native Americans in this country is false?
Which of these statements regarding the position of Native Americans in this country is false?
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Central to the operation of slavery was the belief that:
Central to the operation of slavery was the belief that:
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Which of these statements regarding the slavery system and the position of African Americans in the U.S. is true?
Which of these statements regarding the slavery system and the position of African Americans in the U.S. is true?
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A problem with the terms 'Latino' and 'Latina' is that they:
A problem with the terms 'Latino' and 'Latina' is that they:
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Which of these statements is true about the status of Puerto Rico relative to the U.S.?
Which of these statements is true about the status of Puerto Rico relative to the U.S.?
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Which of the following is not considered a Latino group?
Which of the following is not considered a Latino group?
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The original entry of Mexican Americans into the U.S. was the result of:
The original entry of Mexican Americans into the U.S. was the result of:
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__________ created a class system within the Chicano community.
__________ created a class system within the Chicano community.
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The Jones Act of 1917:
The Jones Act of 1917:
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Operation Bootstrap was launched after WWII to attract U.S. corporations to Puerto Rico. What was the overall outcome of Operation Bootstrap?
Operation Bootstrap was launched after WWII to attract U.S. corporations to Puerto Rico. What was the overall outcome of Operation Bootstrap?
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When unemployment became very severe in Puerto Rico, during the early to mid-1970s the U.S. government responded by:
When unemployment became very severe in Puerto Rico, during the early to mid-1970s the U.S. government responded by:
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The 125,000 Cubans who entered the U.S. in 1980 during the 'Mariel boat lift' were largely:
The 125,000 Cubans who entered the U.S. in 1980 during the 'Mariel boat lift' were largely:
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Chinese immigrants began migrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century because:
Chinese immigrants began migrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century because:
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The most recent Asian Americans to migrate to the U.S. have come from:
The most recent Asian Americans to migrate to the U.S. have come from:
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The 1913 Alien Land Law of California limited ownership and prohibited land from being inherited. This law was aimed at preventing __________ from establishing themselves in the U.S.
The 1913 Alien Land Law of California limited ownership and prohibited land from being inherited. This law was aimed at preventing __________ from establishing themselves in the U.S.
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The largest concentration of Koreans in the U.S. today is located in:
The largest concentration of Koreans in the U.S. today is located in:
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Which of these countries was made a commonwealth of the U.S.?
Which of these countries was made a commonwealth of the U.S.?
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Like other immigrant groups, Middle Eastern immigrants:
Like other immigrant groups, Middle Eastern immigrants:
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The group collectively referred to as White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) who settled in the 'New World' did not include the:
The group collectively referred to as White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) who settled in the 'New World' did not include the:
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More than __________ of the world's Jewish population lives in the United States.
More than __________ of the world's Jewish population lives in the United States.
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Which of these countries has the largest population of Jews?
Which of these countries has the largest population of Jews?
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Anti-Semitism is the term for:
Anti-Semitism is the term for:
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The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants:
The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants:
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In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S. government did all of the following, except:
In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S. government did all of the following, except:
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Persons with the perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minority person needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.
Persons with the perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minority person needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.
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A problem with the assimilation model of analysis of group relationships is that it:
A problem with the assimilation model of analysis of group relationships is that it:
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Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model?
Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model?
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A Latino family lives in a neighborhood with only other Latino families. This is referred to as:
A Latino family lives in a neighborhood with only other Latino families. This is referred to as:
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When an Amish family maintains its traditions in America, it is an example of:
When an Amish family maintains its traditions in America, it is an example of:
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Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true?
Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true?
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William Julius Wilson believes the cause of the emergence of an urban underclass is:
William Julius Wilson believes the cause of the emergence of an urban underclass is:
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William Julius Wilson rejects the __________ explanation in favor of a social/economic explanation of racial differences.
William Julius Wilson rejects the __________ explanation in favor of a social/economic explanation of racial differences.
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The major force behind the most progressive social change in race relations in the U.S. was:
The major force behind the most progressive social change in race relations in the U.S. was:
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The Civil Rights Movement:
The Civil Rights Movement:
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The landmark Supreme Court case that established that 'separate but equal' was unconstitutional was:
The landmark Supreme Court case that established that 'separate but equal' was unconstitutional was:
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The Black Power movement of the late 1960s:
The Black Power movement of the late 1960s:
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A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to as a(n):
A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to as a(n):
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In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must:
In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must:
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Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group's ethnic identity is true?
Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group's ethnic identity is true?
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Which of these statements regarding race is true?
Which of these statements regarding race is true?
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Racial groups are defined by:
Racial groups are defined by:
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How does the concept of race differ between Brazil and the U.S.?
How does the concept of race differ between Brazil and the U.S.?
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Which of these statements regarding the racial system in Brazil is false?
Which of these statements regarding the racial system in Brazil is false?
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Sociologists refer to the process by which something or someone is perceived as having racial characteristics as:
Sociologists refer to the process by which something or someone is perceived as having racial characteristics as:
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John has a mixed-race background. He is most likely to experience which of the following?
John has a mixed-race background. He is most likely to experience which of the following?
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What is the current practice of the U.S. Census for reporting one's race?
What is the current practice of the U.S. Census for reporting one's race?
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Which of the following statements about race is true?
Which of the following statements about race is true?
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What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?
What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?
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In the 1890 U.S. Census, which of the following was not a racial classification?
In the 1890 U.S. Census, which of the following was not a racial classification?
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The historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called:
The historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called:
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The process of racial formation is supported by:
The process of racial formation is supported by:
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Which of these is an illustration of the concept of out-group homogeneity?
Which of these is an illustration of the concept of out-group homogeneity?
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Which of the following does not apply to all minority groups?
Which of the following does not apply to all minority groups?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?
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Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false?
Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false?
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Stereotypes are:
Stereotypes are:
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Ryan is assumed to be like all Lebanese people by a teacher. He is experiencing:
Ryan is assumed to be like all Lebanese people by a teacher. He is experiencing:
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The principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them:
The principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them:
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Which of the following is not a salient characteristic specified by the text?
Which of the following is not a salient characteristic specified by the text?
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Which of the following statements is true about salient characteristics?
Which of the following statements is true about salient characteristics?
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When it comes to gender stereotypes:
When it comes to gender stereotypes:
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The principle of holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often applied interchangeably from one group to another:
The principle of holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often applied interchangeably from one group to another:
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Jokes that use humor to stereotype a group as stupid or inept are often repeated substituting different ethnic groups. This is an example of the concept of:
Jokes that use humor to stereotype a group as stupid or inept are often repeated substituting different ethnic groups. This is an example of the concept of:
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A traditional stereotype of African Americans is that they are inherently lazy. This stereotype has also been applied to Hispanics, Polish, and Irish groups. This is an example of:
A traditional stereotype of African Americans is that they are inherently lazy. This stereotype has also been applied to Hispanics, Polish, and Irish groups. This is an example of:
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In general, lower-income people are likely to attribute poverty and lower class status to individual disposition or personality, while middle-class people are more likely to attribute the cause of poverty to discrimination and lack of opportunity.
In general, lower-income people are likely to attribute poverty and lower class status to individual disposition or personality, while middle-class people are more likely to attribute the cause of poverty to discrimination and lack of opportunity.
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Prejudice is:
Prejudice is:
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___ is the evaluation of a social group based on misconceptions about the group.
___ is the evaluation of a social group based on misconceptions about the group.
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A prejudiced person is likely to have:
A prejudiced person is likely to have:
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How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way?
How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way?
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Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that:
Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that:
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While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is:
While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is:
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Research on discrimination in housing has found that:
Research on discrimination in housing has found that:
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Which of these statements about economic inequality is true?
Which of these statements about economic inequality is true?
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Measurements of economic inequality indicate that:
Measurements of economic inequality indicate that:
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Re-drawing the boundaries of school districts and election districts in order to maintain racial segregation is called:
Re-drawing the boundaries of school districts and election districts in order to maintain racial segregation is called:
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As a result of gerrymandering, ______ remains a problem in the U.S.
As a result of gerrymandering, ______ remains a problem in the U.S.
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Sociologists find that racism:
Sociologists find that racism:
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There are different forms of racism. Overt, obvious racism, such as physical violence or the use of racial slurs, is termed:
There are different forms of racism. Overt, obvious racism, such as physical violence or the use of racial slurs, is termed:
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Consistently avoiding contact with people of different races than one's own would be considered an example of:
Consistently avoiding contact with people of different races than one's own would be considered an example of:
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Which of the following is not an element of laissez-faire racism?
Which of the following is not an element of laissez-faire racism?
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Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences, and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered:
Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences, and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered:
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Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered:
Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered:
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If an administrator engages in institutional racism, he or she is able to apply which of the following?
If an administrator engages in institutional racism, he or she is able to apply which of the following?
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Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination?
Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination?
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Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of:
Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of:
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___ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.
___ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.
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According to a fairly old psychological theory of prejudice and racism, the tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity is part of a(n):
According to a fairly old psychological theory of prejudice and racism, the tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity is part of a(n):
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The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society, members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory?
The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society, members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory?
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Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members of minority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of theory:
Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members of minority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of theory:
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The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society is called:
The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society is called:
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Study Notes
Ethnic and Racial Groups
- A social category sharing common culture, language, or religion is termed an ethnic group.
- To be classified as an ethnic group, individuals must share an identity perceived as distinct from others in society.
- Ethnic identity can strengthen or form in response to exclusion by more powerful groups.
Social Construction of Race
- Race is socially constructed and not based on biological differences.
- Racial classifications and perceptions can differ significantly between countries such as the U.S. and Brazil.
- In Brazil, individuals with Black ancestry can be classified differently from those in the U.S., often based on socioeconomic status.
Racial Identity and Perception
- Racialization refers to the process of assigning racial characteristics to individuals.
- Mixed-race individuals may challenge traditional biological racial categories and define their own identity.
- Current U.S. Census practices allow individuals to select multiple racial categories.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice involves negative evaluations based on misconceptions about social groups.
- Discrimination manifests as overt behavior against individuals based on their racial or ethnic identity.
- Economic inequality is deeply rooted, with persistent racial disparities in income and opportunity.
Stereotypes and Group Dynamics
- Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about group members that often misrepresent diversity within groups.
- Out-group homogeneity effect describes the tendency to perceive all individuals in a minority group as similar.
- Salient characteristics, like skin color and hair texture, often influence societal judgments about individuals.
Racism in Social Structures
- Institutional racism refers to policies or practices that result in unequal treatment based on race.
- Gerrymandering is a tactic used to maintain racial segregation within political and school districts.
- Laissez-faire racism and color-blind racism reflect subtle, systemic discrimination and denial of racial differences.
Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Class
- Functionalist theory suggests assimilation into the dominant culture is necessary for minority groups to gain full societal membership.
- Contact theory posits that meaningful interaction between racial/ethnic groups can reduce prejudice if conditions of equality and sustained contact are met.
- The intersection perspective examines how race, class, and gender together influence social experiences and opportunities.
Psychological Factors and Socialization
- Individuals are socialized into prejudice through family influences and societal norms.
- Research shows strong correlations between parental and children’s racial attitudes.
- The authoritarian personality theory links rigid categorization of people and intolerance of ambiguity to prejudice.
Economic and Structural Inequality
- Economic assessments reveal significant gaps in wealth and income among racial groups, with minorities generally experiencing higher poverty rates.
- Scapegoat theory explains that frustration is often wrongly directed towards minority groups rather than the systemic issues causing economic hardship.
Key Concepts
- Prejudice is usually negative, while discrimination is active behavior against a group.
- Symbolic racism frames racial issues as individual failures rather than systemic barriers.
- Assimilation and amalgamation represent different approaches to integration of minority groups into society.
These notes encapsulate the critical themes from the study material, focusing on the complexities of race and ethnicity in sociological discourse.### Theoretical Perspectives on Society
- Functionalism emphasizes the stability and integration of society, viewing social institutions as vital for functioning.
- Conflict theory posits that social change arises from organized movements against oppression, highlighting power dynamics and inequality.
- Symbolic interaction theory focuses on individual interactions and the meanings behind them, particularly regarding race and ethnicity as social constructs.
- Social exchange theory analyzes social behavior through the lens of cost and benefit, often critiquing relationships based on exchanges.
Native American Cultural and Historical Context
- Native Americans exhibited heterogeneous cultures prior to European contact, with diverse languages and values.
- European diseases dramatically reduced Native American populations, contributing to cultural devastation.
The Slavery System and African American Experiences
- The belief that humans could be property was central to the operation of slavery, enabling systemic exploitation.
- Elements of the slavery system still persist today, indicating ongoing racial inequalities and economic exploitation.
Latino Identity and Classification
- The terms "Latino" and "Latina" may not fully capture the diversity of groups involved, reflecting cultural richness beyond the labels.
- Puerto Rico functions as a commonwealth with its own constitution but is not considered a U.S. state.
Immigration and Population Dynamics
- Mexican Americans' initial migration resulted from military conquest, significantly altering demographics.
- Operation Bootstrap aimed to invite U.S. corporations to Puerto Rico, leading to rapid economic growth, while unemployment solutions in the 1970s included controversial methods like promoting sterilization.
Historical Immigration Laws and Policies
- The 1913 Alien Land Law targeted Japanese immigrants, preventing property ownership and inheritance rights.
- The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants based on existing populations in the U.S., reflecting restrictive immigration policies.
Cultural Assimilation and Pluralism
- Assimilation requires minority groups to adopt the dominant culture to overcome challenges, often disregarding the unique history of different racial groups.
- Cultural pluralism allows groups to maintain their distinct traditions while coexisting within a larger society.
Social and Racial Stratification Theories
- William Julius Wilson argues that urban underclass formation stems from societal structural deficits rather than cultural deficiencies.
- The Civil Rights Movement, influenced by Gandhi's philosophy, became a significant force for social change in race relations, challenging deeply entrenched segregation and inequality.
Legal Milestones in Racial Equality
- The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional, marking a pivotal moment in the fight against racial segregation.
- The Black Power Movement sought to redefine identity and emphasize self-determination for African Americans, often rejecting assimilationist approaches.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in Sociology Chapter 10 with these flashcards. This chapter explores the definitions and characteristics of various social categories, including ethnic groups and minority groups. Use these cards to reinforce your understanding of sociological principles and terms.
