Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term did Tiger Woods coin to describe his mixed ethnic heritage?
What term did Tiger Woods coin to describe his mixed ethnic heritage?
Cablinasian
Which of the following theories examines issues of race and ethnicity? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following theories examines issues of race and ethnicity? (Select all that apply)
The Confederate flag is viewed universally as a symbol of pride.
The Confederate flag is viewed universally as a symbol of pride.
False
What did the U.S. District Court note about the Confederate flag displayed at Burleson High School?
What did the U.S. District Court note about the Confederate flag displayed at Burleson High School?
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Who developed the concept of intersection theory?
Who developed the concept of intersection theory?
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The deliberate annihilation of a targeted group is known as __________.
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted group is known as __________.
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What historical event involved the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands?
What historical event involved the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands?
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Assimilation results in subordinate cultures maintaining their own traditions.
Assimilation results in subordinate cultures maintaining their own traditions.
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What was the purpose of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt?
What was the purpose of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt?
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Which of the following best describes pluralism?
Which of the following best describes pluralism?
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What was the result of the anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States?
What was the result of the anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States?
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Which act further curtailed Chinese immigration after the Chinese Exclusion Act?
Which act further curtailed Chinese immigration after the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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The model minority stereotype applied to Asian Americans is always beneficial.
The model minority stereotype applied to Asian Americans is always beneficial.
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What was the primary reason for Mexican migration to the United States in the early 1900s?
What was the primary reason for Mexican migration to the United States in the early 1900s?
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What led to the large wave of Cuban immigration starting in 1959?
What led to the large wave of Cuban immigration starting in 1959?
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The law known as SB 1070 targets _____ Americans for immigration enforcement.
The law known as SB 1070 targets _____ Americans for immigration enforcement.
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What are the two groups primarily compared in terms of Hispanic Americans?
What are the two groups primarily compared in terms of Hispanic Americans?
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Arab Americans are predominantly Muslim.
Arab Americans are predominantly Muslim.
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What was the effect of the events on September 11, 2001, on Arab Americans?
What was the effect of the events on September 11, 2001, on Arab Americans?
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What percentage of the U.S. population self-identified as Hispanic in 2013?
What percentage of the U.S. population self-identified as Hispanic in 2013?
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Match the following subgroups with their characteristics:
Match the following subgroups with their characteristics:
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What term refers to superficial physical differences considered significant by a society?
What term refers to superficial physical differences considered significant by a society?
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What does the term ethnicity describe?
What does the term ethnicity describe?
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What is a minority group according to sociologist Louis Wirth?
What is a minority group according to sociologist Louis Wirth?
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What are the five characteristics distinguishing minority groups?
What are the five characteristics distinguishing minority groups?
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What do stereotypes refer to?
What do stereotypes refer to?
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What term describes beliefs, thoughts, and feelings about a group?
What term describes beliefs, thoughts, and feelings about a group?
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What is institutional racism?
What is institutional racism?
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Discrimination is the same as prejudice.
Discrimination is the same as prejudice.
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What does colorism refer to?
What does colorism refer to?
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Which event illustrated racial tensions in the U.S.?
Which event illustrated racial tensions in the U.S.?
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What does miscegenation refer to?
What does miscegenation refer to?
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Who developed scapegoat theory?
Who developed scapegoat theory?
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What is Gender Dysphoria?
What is Gender Dysphoria?
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Gender Dysphoria is classified as a mental disorder.
Gender Dysphoria is classified as a mental disorder.
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What must be true for a diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria?
What must be true for a diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria?
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What are pronouns used for?
What are pronouns used for?
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Which pronoun was selected as the Word of the Year for 2019?
Which pronoun was selected as the Word of the Year for 2019?
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What does socialization teach individuals?
What does socialization teach individuals?
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What is sexism?
What is sexism?
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The phrase 'boys will be _____' is used to justify aggressive behavior.
The phrase 'boys will be _____' is used to justify aggressive behavior.
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What role do families play in gender socialization?
What role do families play in gender socialization?
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What are the four benchmarks sociologists use to measure immigrant assimilation?
What are the four benchmarks sociologists use to measure immigrant assimilation?
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Language assimilation poses a significant barrier for new immigrants.
Language assimilation poses a significant barrier for new immigrants.
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What is amalgamation?
What is amalgamation?
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What landmark case struck down antimiscegenation laws in the United States?
What landmark case struck down antimiscegenation laws in the United States?
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The only nonimmigrant ethnic group in the United States is ______.
The only nonimmigrant ethnic group in the United States is ______.
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Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population identified as Native American alone in 2010?
Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population identified as Native American alone in 2010?
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What is a significant issue related to sports teams using Native American names?
What is a significant issue related to sports teams using Native American names?
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was beneficial to Native American tribes.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was beneficial to Native American tribes.
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What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools?
What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools?
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Which act guaranteed Indian tribes most of the rights of the U.S. Bill of Rights?
Which act guaranteed Indian tribes most of the rights of the U.S. Bill of Rights?
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The first Africans arrived in America as ______ in 1619.
The first Africans arrived in America as ______ in 1619.
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What major legislation prohibited the international importation of slaves in 1808?
What major legislation prohibited the international importation of slaves in 1808?
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What contributed to the economic disparity between the North and South regarding slavery?
What contributed to the economic disparity between the North and South regarding slavery?
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 abolished all forms of discrimination in the U.S.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 abolished all forms of discrimination in the U.S.
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What is one major challenge Asian Americans face that reflects their diversity?
What is one major challenge Asian Americans face that reflects their diversity?
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What act in 1882 abruptly ended Chinese immigration?
What act in 1882 abruptly ended Chinese immigration?
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Vietnamese immigrants primarily came to the U.S. as ______.
Vietnamese immigrants primarily came to the U.S. as ______.
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What characterizes the dominant group's view of Italian immigrants?
What characterizes the dominant group's view of Italian immigrants?
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Italian immigrants were often victims of violence and lynchings similar to those faced by African Americans.
Italian immigrants were often victims of violence and lynchings similar to those faced by African Americans.
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What percentage of respondents reported being of German descent in the 2008 U.S. Census?
What percentage of respondents reported being of German descent in the 2008 U.S. Census?
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How is cultural assimilation of Italian Americans described?
How is cultural assimilation of Italian Americans described?
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Sex refers to __________ differences between males and females.
Sex refers to __________ differences between males and females.
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Gender refers to __________ that society attributes to being female or male.
Gender refers to __________ that society attributes to being female or male.
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Give an example of a culture that recognizes a 'third gender.'
Give an example of a culture that recognizes a 'third gender.'
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When did psychologists begin to formally distinguish between sex and gender?
When did psychologists begin to formally distinguish between sex and gender?
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Sexual orientation is commonly divided into several categories including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
Sexual orientation is commonly divided into several categories including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
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What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?
What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?
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Match the following terms related to sexual orientation:
Match the following terms related to sexual orientation:
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What is a common characteristic associated with masculine roles in U.S. culture?
What is a common characteristic associated with masculine roles in U.S. culture?
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The term gender role refers to society's expectations regarding how men and women should behave.
The term gender role refers to society's expectations regarding how men and women should behave.
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What is the term used for individuals who identify with a gender different from their biological sex?
What is the term used for individuals who identify with a gender different from their biological sex?
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders replaced 'Gender Identity Disorder' with __________.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders replaced 'Gender Identity Disorder' with __________.
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Study Notes
Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups
- Definitions: Race denotes physical differences deemed significant by society; ethnicity involves shared culture (language, religion, traditions); minority groups lack societal power regardless of appearance.
- Modern Example: The elderly can be classified as a minority group due to societal prejudice, with significant abuse reported by nursing home staff (WHO 2011).
- Historical Context: Race has shifted from being linked to ancestry to superficial traits, shaped by geographic and ethnic categorizations.
- Rejecting Biological Race: Major social science organizations dismiss biological explanations of race; racial categories are socially constructed and arbitrary.
- Skin Color and Socioeconomics: Understanding race today is informed by socioeconomic status, with examples like varying racial identities in Brazil based on class rather than skin color.
- Evolving Terminology: Racial classification terms change over time, illustrating fluidity in identity; e.g., "negroid" to "African American," which now inaccurately groups diverse ethnicities.
- Ethnicity Complexity: Identifying ethnic groups often overlaps with racial categories; various ethnicities can co-exist under a single racial classification.
- Louis Wirth's Definition of Minority: A minority group faces discrimination based on unique physical or cultural traits and identifies as subjected to collective discrimination.
- Characteristics of Minority Groups: Includes unequal treatment, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and a high rate of in-group marriage.
- Scapegoat Theory: Dominant groups project their frustrations onto minorities; historical examples include the targeting of Jewish individuals by Hitler.
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
- Definitions and Interchangeability: Stereotypes are oversimplified views of groups, while prejudice includes pre-judgments not based on experience, and discrimination involves actions against groups.
- Sources of Stereotypes: Often recycled from historically subordinate groups; stereotypes rarely originate from new contexts.
- Types of Prejudice: Prejudice becomes racism when it includes beliefs about racial superiority or inferiority; institutional racism reflects practices embedded in social systems.
- Colorism: Within racial groups, varying skin tones can lead to differing levels of discrimination; darker-skinned individuals may face more bias, affecting their social interactions.
- Discrimination vs. Prejudice: While prejudice represents biased beliefs, discrimination consists of behavioral actions based on those beliefs.
- Historical Context of Discrimination: Overt discrimination has long existed, illustrated by "Help Wanted: No Irish Need Apply" and Jim Crow laws in the U.S.
- Institutional Discrimination: Societal systems may inherently disadvantage certain groups, as seen in policies against minority sexualities or white privilege.
- Racial Tension Example: The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO, highlights racial profiling and systemic inequality, with major focus on policing demographics and practices.
- Multiple Identities: The rise of individuals identifying with multiple ethnic backgrounds is increasingly common; shifts in social attitudes reflect changing norms around racial intermarriage.
- Census Changes: The U.S. Census has adapted to include more categories for people to identify themselves, reflecting growing diversity in self-identification.
Big Picture: Symbols and Identity
- Confederate Flag Controversy: The display of the Confederate flag raises complex legal and social implications, relating to notions of pride versus historical trauma.
- Legal Battles: Students challenging school dress codes about controversial symbols showcase ongoing tensions regarding race and society's reaction to symbols associated with discrimination.### First Amendment and the Confederate Flag
- The display of the Confederate flag raises questions of free speech versus hate speech under the First Amendment.
- Courts ruled that the Confederate flag's symbolism can disrupt normal school activities, validating restrictions on its display.
- The ongoing debate highlights the persistence of racism and discrimination in contemporary American society.
Theories of Race and Ethnicity
- Functionalism: Proposes that racial and ethnic inequalities serve important societal functions, albeit problematically justifying discrimination as beneficial for the dominant group.
- Conflict Theory: Examines struggles between dominant and minority groups, noting historical patterns of disenfranchisement, such as Jim Crow laws post-Civil War.
- Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on the role of interactions and symbols in shaping racial identities and prejudices, suggesting that dominant narratives maintain the status quo.
Culture of Prejudice
- Prejudice is entrenched in culture, perpetuated through stereotypes found in media and advertisements.
- Casual representations of race influence perceptions, often leading to skewed understandings of racial and ethnic groups.
Intergroup Relations Spectrum
- Pluralism: Ideal intergroup relations characterized by mutual respect and equal standing among diverse groups.
- Genocide: The extreme form of intolerance, exemplified by the Holocaust, resulting in the systematic extermination of marginalized groups.
- Expulsion: Forced removal of subordinate groups, such as Japanese internment during WWII, illustrating historical patterns of intolerance.
- Segregation: Separation of groups based on race or ethnicity, existing both de jure (by law) and de facto (due to societal factors).
- Assimilation: The process through which minority groups adopt the dominant culture, often leading to the erosion of their original identities.
- Amalgamation: The blending of minority and majority groups into a new cultural identity through intermarriage, also known as miscegenation.
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
- Patterns of immigration in the U.S. evolved from Western European settlers to diverse groups from Latin America, Asia, and forced African migration.
- Native Americans represent the only non-immigrant ethnic group in the U.S., currently comprising approximately 0.9% of the population.
- Sports teams often use Native American names, perpetuating stereotypes; campaigns against such mascots highlight cultural insensitivity and historical prejudice.### American Indian Cultural Support (AICS)
- AICS advocates against the use of stereotypical names for Native Americans in K-12 schools, aiming for a realistic understanding of their culture.
- Concern over the impact of these names on children's perceptions and education.
Migration of Native Americans
- Earliest immigrants to the Americas arrived between 45,000 and 12,000 BCE, primarily seeking large game.
- Native American cultures evolved into hundreds of tribes, each with distinct customs, languages, and traditions.
Historical Context of Native Americans
- Pre-Columbian period marked by rich cultural development before European arrival.
- Term "Indian" coined by Columbus in 1492, inaccurately grouping 500 diverse tribes.
- European colonization resulted in significant population decline through disease and genocide.
Land Ownership Perspectives
- Indigenous view: land is a living entity for stewardship, contrasting with European concepts of ownership and conquest.
- Identification of Native Americans as the only U.S. minority group predominantly subjected to conquest.
Discriminatory Legislation
- Indian Removal Act of 1830 forcibly relocated tribes, facilitating land acquisition.
- Indian Appropriation Acts erased tribal sovereignty, preventing treaty negotiations.
- Dawes Act of 1887 dismantled reservations, reducing Native Americans' collective power.
Erosion of Culture
- Establishment of boarding schools aimed to assimilate Native American children into white culture, leading to lost traditions and widespread abuses.
Modern Context
- Post-1960s era saw advancements in Native rights, including the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968.
- Current issues include poverty, inadequate education, and health disparities.
African American History
- Approximately 13.2% of the U.S. population identifies as black.
- First Africans arrived in 1619 as indentured servants but were later enslaved through evolving legal frameworks.
Slavery and Its Legacy
- Slavery institutionalized in 1705 with laws deeming enslaved individuals as property, establishing a hereditary slave class.
- Civil War rooted in economic disparities and moral conflicts over slavery.
Civil Rights Movement
- Marked by protests against systemic racism, leading to key legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
- Despite legal advancements, institutional racism persists, evident in socioeconomic disparities.
Asian American Immigration
- Approximately 5.3% of the U.S. population identifies as Asian, encompassing diverse cultures.
- Early Asian immigration primarily from China for labor during the Gold Rush and railroad construction.
Japanese and Vietnamese Immigration
- Japanese immigrants arrived in the 1880s; their immigration was supported by government negotiations.
- Vietnamese immigrants largely came as refugees post-Vietnam War, aided by the Refugee Act of 1980.
Discriminatory Legislation Against Asians
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 halted Chinese immigration due to rising anti-Chinese sentiment.
- Japanese internment during WWII showed severe governmental persecution despite longstanding contributions.
Current Status of Asian Americans
- Despite being viewed as a "model minority," Asian Americans face stereotypes and discrimination.
Hispanic American Diversity
- Hispanic Americans made up about 17.1% of the U.S. population, primarily of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban descent.
- Debates exist over the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino," with various self-identity preferences among the population.
Origin and Immigration Patterns
- Mexican migration began in the early 1900s for agricultural labor, characterized by circular migration patterns.
- Cuban migration surged after Fidel Castro's revolution, primarily to Miami, seeking refuge and economic stability.
Intergroup Relations and Policy
- Mixed treatment of Mexican workers, with policies fluctuating between needing labor and enforcing deportations.
- Cuban Americans often received better integration support due to their refugee status post-Communist regime.
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Description
Test your understanding of racial, ethnic, and minority groups with these flashcards. This quiz delves into the distinct meanings of race and ethnicity as used in sociology. Challenge yourself to differentiate between these concepts and understand their sociological implications.
