Sociology Chapter 11.1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What term did Tiger Woods coin to describe his mixed ethnic heritage?

Cablinasian

Which of the following theories examines issues of race and ethnicity? (Select all that apply)

Functionalism (correct)

Conflict Theory (correct)

Symbolic Interactionism (correct)

Behaviorism

The Confederate flag is viewed universally as a symbol of pride.

False

What did the U.S. District Court note about the Confederate flag displayed at Burleson High School?

It carried significant symbolism that could disrupt normal school activities. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the concept of intersection theory?

Patricia Hill Collins Signup and view all the answers

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted group is known as __________.

genocide Signup and view all the answers

What historical event involved the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands?

The Trail of Tears Signup and view all the answers

Assimilation results in subordinate cultures maintaining their own traditions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt?

Establish internment camps for Japanese Americans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes pluralism?

A form of intergroup relations that recognizes equal standing among all groups. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States?

The passage of acts that decreased the number of Chinese workers in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Which act further curtailed Chinese immigration after the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Immigration Act of 1924 Signup and view all the answers

The model minority stereotype applied to Asian Americans is always beneficial.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Mexican migration to the United States in the early 1900s?

The need for cheap agricultural labor. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the large wave of Cuban immigration starting in 1959?

Fidel Castro coming to power Signup and view all the answers

The law known as SB 1070 targets _____ Americans for immigration enforcement.

Mexican Signup and view all the answers

What are the two groups primarily compared in terms of Hispanic Americans?

Mexican Americans and Cuban Americans. Signup and view all the answers

Arab Americans are predominantly Muslim.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the events on September 11, 2001, on Arab Americans?

Increased racism and racial profiling. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the U.S. population self-identified as Hispanic in 2013?

17.1% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following subgroups with their characteristics:

Mexican Americans = Largest Hispanic subgroup Cuban Americans = Often seen as a model minority Arab Americans = Diverse religious practices Asian Americans = Stereotyped as model minority Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to superficial physical differences considered significant by a society?

Race Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ethnicity describe?

Shared culture Signup and view all the answers

What is a minority group according to sociologist Louis Wirth?

A group singled out for differential and unequal treatment due to physical or cultural characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five characteristics distinguishing minority groups?

Awareness of subordination Signup and view all the answers

What do stereotypes refer to?

Oversimplified generalizations about groups of people. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes beliefs, thoughts, and feelings about a group?

Prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is institutional racism?

Racism embedded in the fabric of society. Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination is the same as prejudice.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does colorism refer to?

Believing one skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group. Signup and view all the answers

Which event illustrated racial tensions in the U.S.?

The death of Michael Brown Signup and view all the answers

What does miscegenation refer to?

Racial intermarriage. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed scapegoat theory?

Dollard. Signup and view all the answers

What is Gender Dysphoria?

A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. Signup and view all the answers

Gender Dysphoria is classified as a mental disorder.

False Signup and view all the answers

What must be true for a diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria?

The individual has to express a marked difference in gender for at least six months. Signup and view all the answers

What are pronouns used for?

To identify the gender of the individual being referenced. Signup and view all the answers

Which pronoun was selected as the Word of the Year for 2019?

They Signup and view all the answers

What does socialization teach individuals?

To behave according to social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is sexism?

Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'boys will be _____' is used to justify aggressive behavior.

boys Signup and view all the answers

What role do families play in gender socialization?

Families reinforce gender roles and expectations from an early age. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four benchmarks sociologists use to measure immigrant assimilation?

Socioeconomic Status, Spatial Concentration, Language Assimilation, Intermarriage Signup and view all the answers

Language assimilation poses a significant barrier for new immigrants.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is amalgamation?

The process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. Signup and view all the answers

What landmark case struck down antimiscegenation laws in the United States?

Loving v. Virginia Signup and view all the answers

The only nonimmigrant ethnic group in the United States is ______.

Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population identified as Native American alone in 2010?

0.9 percent Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue related to sports teams using Native American names?

Perpetuation of stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was beneficial to Native American tribes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools?

To 'civilize' Native American children and assimilate them into white society. Signup and view all the answers

Which act guaranteed Indian tribes most of the rights of the U.S. Bill of Rights?

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 Signup and view all the answers

The first Africans arrived in America as ______ in 1619.

indentured servants Signup and view all the answers

What major legislation prohibited the international importation of slaves in 1808?

Congress prohibited the international importation of humans to be used as slaves. Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the economic disparity between the North and South regarding slavery?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 abolished all forms of discrimination in the U.S.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one major challenge Asian Americans face that reflects their diversity?

Different experiences based on their specific cultural and immigration history. Signup and view all the answers

What act in 1882 abruptly ended Chinese immigration?

Chinese Exclusion Act Signup and view all the answers

Vietnamese immigrants primarily came to the U.S. as ______.

political refugees Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the dominant group's view of Italian immigrants?

They are seen as the dregs of Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Italian immigrants were often victims of violence and lynchings similar to those faced by African Americans.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of respondents reported being of German descent in the 2008 U.S. Census?

16.5 percent Signup and view all the answers

How is cultural assimilation of Italian Americans described?

Almost complete with remnants of ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

Sex refers to __________ differences between males and females.

physical or physiological Signup and view all the answers

Gender refers to __________ that society attributes to being female or male.

behaviors, personal traits, and social positions Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a culture that recognizes a 'third gender.'

Samoan culture with Fa'afafine Signup and view all the answers

When did psychologists begin to formally distinguish between sex and gender?

1950s Signup and view all the answers

Sexual orientation is commonly divided into several categories including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to sexual orientation:

Heterosexuality = Attraction to individuals of the other sex Homosexuality = Attraction to individuals of the same sex Bisexuality = Attraction to individuals of either sex Asexuality = Lack of sexual attraction or desire for sexual contact Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic associated with masculine roles in U.S. culture?

Strength, aggression, and dominance Signup and view all the answers

The term gender role refers to society's expectations regarding how men and women should behave.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for individuals who identify with a gender different from their biological sex?

Transgender Signup and view all the answers

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders replaced 'Gender Identity Disorder' with __________.

Gender Dysphoria Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups

Definitions: Race denotes physical differences deemed significant by society; ethnicity involves shared culture (language, religion, traditions); minority groups lack societal power regardless of appearance.
Modern Example: The elderly can be classified as a minority group due to societal prejudice, with significant abuse reported by nursing home staff (WHO 2011).
Historical Context: Race has shifted from being linked to ancestry to superficial traits, shaped by geographic and ethnic categorizations.
Rejecting Biological Race: Major social science organizations dismiss biological explanations of race; racial categories are socially constructed and arbitrary.
Skin Color and Socioeconomics: Understanding race today is informed by socioeconomic status, with examples like varying racial identities in Brazil based on class rather than skin color.
Evolving Terminology: Racial classification terms change over time, illustrating fluidity in identity; e.g., "negroid" to "African American," which now inaccurately groups diverse ethnicities.
Ethnicity Complexity: Identifying ethnic groups often overlaps with racial categories; various ethnicities can co-exist under a single racial classification.
Louis Wirth's Definition of Minority: A minority group faces discrimination based on unique physical or cultural traits and identifies as subjected to collective discrimination.
Characteristics of Minority Groups: Includes unequal treatment, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and a high rate of in-group marriage.
Scapegoat Theory: Dominant groups project their frustrations onto minorities; historical examples include the targeting of Jewish individuals by Hitler.

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Definitions and Interchangeability: Stereotypes are oversimplified views of groups, while prejudice includes pre-judgments not based on experience, and discrimination involves actions against groups.
Sources of Stereotypes: Often recycled from historically subordinate groups; stereotypes rarely originate from new contexts.
Types of Prejudice: Prejudice becomes racism when it includes beliefs about racial superiority or inferiority; institutional racism reflects practices embedded in social systems.
Colorism: Within racial groups, varying skin tones can lead to differing levels of discrimination; darker-skinned individuals may face more bias, affecting their social interactions.
Discrimination vs. Prejudice: While prejudice represents biased beliefs, discrimination consists of behavioral actions based on those beliefs.
Historical Context of Discrimination: Overt discrimination has long existed, illustrated by "Help Wanted: No Irish Need Apply" and Jim Crow laws in the U.S.
Institutional Discrimination: Societal systems may inherently disadvantage certain groups, as seen in policies against minority sexualities or white privilege.
Racial Tension Example: The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO, highlights racial profiling and systemic inequality, with major focus on policing demographics and practices.
Multiple Identities: The rise of individuals identifying with multiple ethnic backgrounds is increasingly common; shifts in social attitudes reflect changing norms around racial intermarriage.
Census Changes: The U.S. Census has adapted to include more categories for people to identify themselves, reflecting growing diversity in self-identification.

Big Picture: Symbols and Identity

Confederate Flag Controversy: The display of the Confederate flag raises complex legal and social implications, relating to notions of pride versus historical trauma.
Legal Battles: Students challenging school dress codes about controversial symbols showcase ongoing tensions regarding race and society's reaction to symbols associated with discrimination.### First Amendment and the Confederate Flag
The display of the Confederate flag raises questions of free speech versus hate speech under the First Amendment.
Courts ruled that the Confederate flag's symbolism can disrupt normal school activities, validating restrictions on its display.
The ongoing debate highlights the persistence of racism and discrimination in contemporary American society.

Theories of Race and Ethnicity

Functionalism: Proposes that racial and ethnic inequalities serve important societal functions, albeit problematically justifying discrimination as beneficial for the dominant group.
Conflict Theory: Examines struggles between dominant and minority groups, noting historical patterns of disenfranchisement, such as Jim Crow laws post-Civil War.
Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on the role of interactions and symbols in shaping racial identities and prejudices, suggesting that dominant narratives maintain the status quo.

Culture of Prejudice

Prejudice is entrenched in culture, perpetuated through stereotypes found in media and advertisements.
Casual representations of race influence perceptions, often leading to skewed understandings of racial and ethnic groups.

Intergroup Relations Spectrum

Pluralism: Ideal intergroup relations characterized by mutual respect and equal standing among diverse groups.
Genocide: The extreme form of intolerance, exemplified by the Holocaust, resulting in the systematic extermination of marginalized groups.
Expulsion: Forced removal of subordinate groups, such as Japanese internment during WWII, illustrating historical patterns of intolerance.
Segregation: Separation of groups based on race or ethnicity, existing both de jure (by law) and de facto (due to societal factors).
Assimilation: The process through which minority groups adopt the dominant culture, often leading to the erosion of their original identities.
Amalgamation: The blending of minority and majority groups into a new cultural identity through intermarriage, also known as miscegenation.

Race and Ethnicity in the United States

Patterns of immigration in the U.S. evolved from Western European settlers to diverse groups from Latin America, Asia, and forced African migration.
Native Americans represent the only non-immigrant ethnic group in the U.S., currently comprising approximately 0.9% of the population.
Sports teams often use Native American names, perpetuating stereotypes; campaigns against such mascots highlight cultural insensitivity and historical prejudice.### American Indian Cultural Support (AICS)
AICS advocates against the use of stereotypical names for Native Americans in K-12 schools, aiming for a realistic understanding of their culture.
Concern over the impact of these names on children's perceptions and education.

Migration of Native Americans

Earliest immigrants to the Americas arrived between 45,000 and 12,000 BCE, primarily seeking large game.
Native American cultures evolved into hundreds of tribes, each with distinct customs, languages, and traditions.

Historical Context of Native Americans

Pre-Columbian period marked by rich cultural development before European arrival.
Term "Indian" coined by Columbus in 1492, inaccurately grouping 500 diverse tribes.
European colonization resulted in significant population decline through disease and genocide.

Land Ownership Perspectives

Indigenous view: land is a living entity for stewardship, contrasting with European concepts of ownership and conquest.
Identification of Native Americans as the only U.S. minority group predominantly subjected to conquest.

Discriminatory Legislation

Indian Removal Act of 1830 forcibly relocated tribes, facilitating land acquisition.
Indian Appropriation Acts erased tribal sovereignty, preventing treaty negotiations.
Dawes Act of 1887 dismantled reservations, reducing Native Americans' collective power.

Erosion of Culture

Establishment of boarding schools aimed to assimilate Native American children into white culture, leading to lost traditions and widespread abuses.

Modern Context

Post-1960s era saw advancements in Native rights, including the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Current issues include poverty, inadequate education, and health disparities.

African American History

Approximately 13.2% of the U.S. population identifies as black.
First Africans arrived in 1619 as indentured servants but were later enslaved through evolving legal frameworks.

Slavery and Its Legacy

Slavery institutionalized in 1705 with laws deeming enslaved individuals as property, establishing a hereditary slave class.
Civil War rooted in economic disparities and moral conflicts over slavery.

Civil Rights Movement

Marked by protests against systemic racism, leading to key legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Despite legal advancements, institutional racism persists, evident in socioeconomic disparities.

Asian American Immigration

Approximately 5.3% of the U.S. population identifies as Asian, encompassing diverse cultures.
Early Asian immigration primarily from China for labor during the Gold Rush and railroad construction.

Japanese and Vietnamese Immigration

Japanese immigrants arrived in the 1880s; their immigration was supported by government negotiations.
Vietnamese immigrants largely came as refugees post-Vietnam War, aided by the Refugee Act of 1980.

Discriminatory Legislation Against Asians

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 halted Chinese immigration due to rising anti-Chinese sentiment.
Japanese internment during WWII showed severe governmental persecution despite longstanding contributions.

Current Status of Asian Americans

Despite being viewed as a "model minority," Asian Americans face stereotypes and discrimination.

Hispanic American Diversity

Hispanic Americans made up about 17.1% of the U.S. population, primarily of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban descent.
Debates exist over the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino," with various self-identity preferences among the population.

Origin and Immigration Patterns

Mexican migration began in the early 1900s for agricultural labor, characterized by circular migration patterns.
Cuban migration surged after Fidel Castro's revolution, primarily to Miami, seeking refuge and economic stability.

Intergroup Relations and Policy

Mixed treatment of Mexican workers, with policies fluctuating between needing labor and enforcing deportations.
Cuban Americans often received better integration support due to their refugee status post-Communist regime.

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Test your understanding of racial, ethnic, and minority groups with these flashcards. This quiz delves into the distinct meanings of race and ethnicity as used in sociology. Challenge yourself to differentiate between these concepts and understand their sociological implications.