Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which group is known as the "people of the lake"?
Which group is known as the "people of the lake"?
Which group's culture is heavily influenced by intermarriage with Muslim communities?
Which group's culture is heavily influenced by intermarriage with Muslim communities?
Which group is known for their boat-making skills and association with buccaneering activities?
Which group is known for their boat-making skills and association with buccaneering activities?
Which group primarily resides in Basilan, south of Mindanao?
Which group primarily resides in Basilan, south of Mindanao?
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Which group is often referred to as "sea-gypsies"?
Which group is often referred to as "sea-gypsies"?
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Which group is considered the origin of ethnic groups in Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao areas?
Which group is considered the origin of ethnic groups in Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao areas?
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Which group is known for their close-knit family structures and political prominence of individuals from ancestral royalty?
Which group is known for their close-knit family structures and political prominence of individuals from ancestral royalty?
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Which group is known for embracing Islam through the influence of the Maguindanao and Tausug communities?
Which group is known for embracing Islam through the influence of the Maguindanao and Tausug communities?
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What is the primary means of livelihood for the Badjao people?
What is the primary means of livelihood for the Badjao people?
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Which group is primarily known for their land-based existence and involvement in maritime trade?
Which group is primarily known for their land-based existence and involvement in maritime trade?
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Which of the following best describes the cultural practices of the Subanun people?
Which of the following best describes the cultural practices of the Subanun people?
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How did the Muslim populations in Palawan become Islamized?
How did the Muslim populations in Palawan become Islamized?
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What role did the Tausug individuals play in the Muslim communities of Palawan?
What role did the Tausug individuals play in the Muslim communities of Palawan?
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What is the leading economic activity in Mindanao?
What is the leading economic activity in Mindanao?
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Which of the following is a prominent religion in Mindanao?
Which of the following is a prominent religion in Mindanao?
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What is the meaning of the term 'Lumad'?
What is the meaning of the term 'Lumad'?
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Which natural resource is NOT found in Mindanao?
Which natural resource is NOT found in Mindanao?
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How does the Cotabato Manobo community predominantly identify religiously?
How does the Cotabato Manobo community predominantly identify religiously?
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What distinguished the indigenous people in Mindanao from Christians and Muslims?
What distinguished the indigenous people in Mindanao from Christians and Muslims?
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Which peak is known as the highest in the Philippines, located in Mindanao?
Which peak is known as the highest in the Philippines, located in Mindanao?
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What type of traditional ceremony did Cotabato Manobo boys and girls undergo?
What type of traditional ceremony did Cotabato Manobo boys and girls undergo?
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What agricultural practice is primarily associated with the Upland Bagobo?
What agricultural practice is primarily associated with the Upland Bagobo?
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Which of the following best describes the coastal Bagobo's cultural influences?
Which of the following best describes the coastal Bagobo's cultural influences?
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What is the traditional method used by Bilaan people to handle their dead?
What is the traditional method used by Bilaan people to handle their dead?
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Which of these crops is NOT traditionally cultivated by the Bukidnon people?
Which of these crops is NOT traditionally cultivated by the Bukidnon people?
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The T’boli people are primarily associated with which form of agriculture?
The T’boli people are primarily associated with which form of agriculture?
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Which statement about the Muslims in the Philippines is correct?
Which statement about the Muslims in the Philippines is correct?
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What is the meaning of the term 'Maguindanao'?
What is the meaning of the term 'Maguindanao'?
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What is a prominent cultural feature of the Bagobo people?
What is a prominent cultural feature of the Bagobo people?
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Study Notes
Mindanao Island: Brief History
- Mindanao is the second largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon.
- Its name originates from the Maguindanaos.
- The island is known for its rugged, faulted mountains, including Mount Apo, an active volcano and the highest peak in the Philippines.
- Mindanao boasts diverse flora and fauna, including the rare Philippine eagle.
Mindanao's Economy and Resources
- Historically, Mindanao was considered the "pioneer frontier" due to its vast undeveloped fertile land.
- Agriculture plays a vital role in Mindanao's economy, with crops including corn, rice, abaca, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, coconuts, cotton, ramie, coffee, and cacao.
- The island is rich in natural resources, including timber, gold, nickel, iron, and coal.
Cultural and Religious Identity
- Islam is a prominent religion in Mindanao.
- Numerous mosques are present across the island.
- The arrival of Austronesian peoples around 1500 BC contributed to the spread of Islam.
- Islamic culture is evident in local traditions and brassware craftsmanship, including the kris dagger.
Lumad Indigenous Communities
- The Lumad are indigenous cultural communities (ICC) in Mindanao.
- Their population accounts for approximately 10%.
- "Lumad" is a Bisaya word meaning "native" or "indigenous".
- They distinguish themselves from Christians and Muslims.
- Lumad are non-Muslim or non-Christian.
- Historically, they were pushed into the mountains and forests by lowlanders as towns and cities were established.
- Many face widespread discrimination and lack of property rights.
- Republic Act 6734 aimed to differentiate them from the Bangsamoro people.
Cotabato Manobo
- Reside in the southwest highlands of Mindanao.
- Known as the Dulagan and Tudag.
- Traditionally, boys and girls go through a ceremony involving filing and blackening their teeth, followed by tasting new rice, marking their transition into adulthood.
- They mostly embraced Christianity, leading to the assimilation of their traditional culture.
Bagobos
- Reside in the mountain region of Mindanao between the upper Pilangi and Davao rivers.
- Known as the Manobo, Manuvu, Obbo, and Obo.
- Bagobos are divided into Coastal and Upland groups.
- Coastal Bagobos are strongly influenced by Christianity and plantation culture.
- Upland Bagobos primarily practice slash-and-burn agriculture and rely on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
- Strict incest taboos, vengeance groups, and the production of long epic poems called tuwaang characterize Bagobo culture.
Bilaan or B'laan
- Inhabit south-central Mindanao.
- They are also known by various other names (Baluad, Baraan, Bilanes, Biran, Blann, Buluan, Buluanes, Tagalagad, Takogan, Tumanao, Vilanes).
- Live in scattered houses among gardens and are ruled by datus.
- Traditionally, Bilaan people wrap their dead in tree barks and suspend them from treetops.
Bukidnon People
- Reside in the highlands of north-central Mindanao.
- Also known as the Binokid, Binukid, Higaonan, and Higaunen.
- Historically renowned farmers, their crops include corn, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas, and coconuts.
- Traditionally, water buffalo were used to plow fields.
- Many Bukidnons have assimilated and/or are Catholic.
- Traditionally, they lived in communal houses, but now mainly reside in single-family houses.
Mandaya
- An animist ethnic group residing along the Mayo River.
- In the past, Mandaya youth filed and blackened their teeth upon reaching puberty.
T'boli People
- Live in the southern part of Cotabato province, especially around Lake Sebu, west of General Santos City.
- Practiced slash-and-burn agriculture.
The Muslims
- The largest minority in the Philippines.
- Follow Islamic faith and possess a unique culture influenced by Islam.
- Islamic principles dictate complete submission to Allah's will, encompassing all aspects of life.
- The Muslim creed is straightforward: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger."
- The holy scripture is the Al-Qur'an (Koran).
- Philippine Muslims encompass various subgroups.
Maguindanao
- Reside in the Pulangi area of Mindanao.
- Originating from "people of the flooded plain," they are the largest Muslim group in the Philippines.
- Converted to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Maranao
- Dwell around Lake Lanao.
- Known as "People of the lake."
- Maranao culture combines Islamic principles with traditional beliefs (often referred to as "folk Islam").
- Maranao families are typically large and closely knit. Some individuals from ancestral "royalty" maintain political prominence.
Tausug
- Known as "people of the current" or "brave people."
- Spread across the Sulu Islands and have influenced other areas, including Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Basilan, Zamboanga, and Sabah.
Sama
- Including the sub-group Badjao, Sama people are scattered throughout the Sulu Archipelago.
- Often referred to as "sea gypsies" due to their close connection with maritime activities.
- Traditional lifestyle involves constant movement among islands and living on water.
- Sama communities depend on fishing and trade with northern Borneo cities.
Yakan
- Primarily reside in Basilan, south of Mindanao.
- Integrate Islamic principles with traditional beliefs, often referred to as "folk Islam."
- Remain separate from other ruling authorities, except their own sultanates and datus.
Iranun
- Considered the origin of ethnic groups in Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao areas.
- Historically, they fought under the Maguindanao sultanate, with many Maguindanao sultans of Iranun descent.
Kolibugan
- Known as "half-breeds," their culture is influenced by intermarriage with Muslim communities.
- Originally from the Subanon tribes, they have adopted Islam through intermarriage.
Sangil
- Inhabit Balut, Sarangani, parts of South Cotabato, and Davao Del Sur provinces.
- Originated from the Sanghe Islands in Indonesia.
- Already Muslims before arriving in the Philippines, they are renowned for boat-making skills and were associated with buccaneering.
Kalagan
- Primarily found in Davao provinces.
- Embraced Islam through the influence of the Maguindanao and Tausug communities.
- Faced marginalization and limited social development after the departure of the Maguindanao and Tausug communities.
Muslim Inhabitants of Palawan
- Muslim populations in Palawan, including Batarasa, Quezon, Brooke's Point, Espanola, Narra, Roxas, Taytay, and Aborlan, were Islamized through the influence of the Sulu sultanate.
- Tausug individuals played a key role in introducing Islam to the local populations.
Jama Mapun
- Concentrated on Cagayan de Sulu Island.
- Engage in a land-based existence and maritime trade, primarily focused on copra and forest products.
- Maintain a political structure that revolves around the Sultanate.
- Southeast Asian influences are seen in their music and dance
Badjao
- Known as "sea gypsies," they inhabit areas of Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some Zamboanga del Sur municipalities.
- Skilled fishermen, divers, and navigators who live on houseboats.
- Engage in barter trade with shore communities for agricultural goods and supplies.
- Cultural rituals center on their relationship with the sea.
Subanun
- Animist slash-and-burn agriculturists residing in forested areas of southern Mindanao.
- Significantly different from the surrounding Muslim and Christian lowlanders.
- Historically faced exploitation and enslavement by coastal Muslim communities.
- Subanun settlements are widely dispersed, practicing manual farming with no plows or hoes.
- Rely on forest products, hunting, fishing, and gathering.
- Gender roles are equally divided between men and women.
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Description
Explore the diverse ethnic groups of the Philippines in this quiz. From the 'people of the lake' to the 'sea-gypsies', discover their unique cultures, livelihoods, and influences. Test your knowledge on their histories and traditions.
