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Who is recognized as the 'Father of Sociology and Positivism'?
Who is recognized as the 'Father of Sociology and Positivism'?
August Comte
According to Cesare Lombroso, criminals are usually in possession of?
According to Cesare Lombroso, criminals are usually in possession of?
Raffaelle Garofallo believed that criminal traits can be linked to physical features.
Raffaelle Garofallo believed that criminal traits can be linked to physical features.
True
According to William Herbert Sheldon, criminals were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their _____________.
According to William Herbert Sheldon, criminals were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their _____________.
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Who is recognized as the FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS?
Who is recognized as the FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS?
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What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
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Albert Adler coined the term ______ complex.
Albert Adler coined the term ______ complex.
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Psychoanalysis attributes criminal behavior to psychological factors.
Psychoanalysis attributes criminal behavior to psychological factors.
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Who introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the process by which people become criminals?
Who introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the process by which people become criminals?
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Who founded the cartographic school of criminology?
Who founded the cartographic school of criminology?
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According to Social Process Theory, criminal behavior is primarily influenced by different experiences and exposure in the environment.
According to Social Process Theory, criminal behavior is primarily influenced by different experiences and exposure in the environment.
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Neutralization Theory views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social institutions. It states that there are four elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and ________.
Neutralization Theory views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social institutions. It states that there are four elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and ________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the definition of Criminology according to Edwin H. Sutherland?
What is the definition of Criminology according to Edwin H. Sutherland?
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Who coined the term 'criminologia' for the first time?
Who coined the term 'criminologia' for the first time?
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George Wilker believes that criminology has acquired universal validity and is considered a science.
George Wilker believes that criminology has acquired universal validity and is considered a science.
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According to Cesare Beccaria, 'Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal' as per the _____.
According to Cesare Beccaria, 'Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal' as per the _____.
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Which school of thought in Criminology is based on the assumption that individuals have free will and can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want?
Which school of thought in Criminology is based on the assumption that individuals have free will and can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the purpose of the penalty in the context provided?
What is the purpose of the penalty in the context provided?
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The RPC is applicable to felonies committed within the Philippine ______ jurisdiction.
The RPC is applicable to felonies committed within the Philippine ______ jurisdiction.
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Which bodies of water connect all the islands in the Philippine archipelago?
Which bodies of water connect all the islands in the Philippine archipelago?
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Foreign troops are allowed to march within the Philippine maritime zone.
Foreign troops are allowed to march within the Philippine maritime zone.
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What are White Collar Crimes?
What are White Collar Crimes?
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What is the punishment for Rational Crimes?
What is the punishment for Rational Crimes?
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The Twelve Tables were written in tablets of gold.
The Twelve Tables were written in tablets of gold.
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According to the etiology, a Chronic criminal is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking, while an Acute criminal is a person who committed a crime as a result of reacting to a situation or during a moment of __________.
According to the etiology, a Chronic criminal is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking, while an Acute criminal is a person who committed a crime as a result of reacting to a situation or during a moment of __________.
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Match the following Early Codes with their descriptions:
Match the following Early Codes with their descriptions:
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What is the term used to describe motorists who assault each other?
What is the term used to describe motorists who assault each other?
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What is the philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished?
What is the philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished?
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a psychological reaction to a highly stressful event.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a psychological reaction to a highly stressful event.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychological disorder characterized by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, hyperactivity, and lack of attention.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychological disorder characterized by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, hyperactivity, and lack of attention.
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Match the following classifications of crimes with their descriptions:
Match the following classifications of crimes with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Criminology
- Criminology is the study of crime as a social phenomenon, including the process of making laws, breaking laws, and society's reaction to breaking laws.
- Criminology encompasses the study of crimes, criminals, and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them.
Definition of Criminology
- According to Edwin H. Sutherland, criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
- Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals, and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them.
Scope of Criminology
- Study of the origin and development of criminal law
- Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals
- Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods
Criminologist
- A criminologist is a person who has a degree in Criminology, has passed the examination for criminologists, and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
Origin of the Word "Criminology"
- The term "criminology" came from the Latin word "crimen" meaning crime and the Greek word "logos" meaning to study.
Principal Divisions of Criminology
- Etiology of Crimes: scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and criminal behavior
- Sociology of Law: investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration
- Penology: study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offenders
Is Criminology a Science?
- According to George Wilker, criminology cannot yet be considered a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity.
- Edwin H. Sutherland hoped that criminology will become a science in the future since the causes of crimes are almost the same, which may be biological, environmental, or a combination of the two.
Nature of Criminology
- Applied science: criminology has established universally accepted principles and concepts that are used by other fields of study.
- Social science: criminology studies crime as a social phenomenon.
- Dynamic: the concepts of criminology and their applications adapt to changing times.
- Nationalistic: the study of criminology takes into consideration the history, culture, and social aspects of a nation.
Schools of Thought in Criminology
Demonological Theory
- Asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that they are possessed by demons.
- Believes that individuals have no free will and are controlled by supernatural forces.
Classical School of Criminology
- Grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, punishment, and justice in Europe.
- Believes that individuals have free will and choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
- Fear of punishment can deter individuals from committing crimes.
Highlights of Cesare Beccaria's Ideas
- Proposed the abolition of torture as a legitimate means of extracting confessions.
- Believed that punishments should be clear, certain, and proportionate to the crime.
- Advocated for the prompt administration of punishment to prevent further crimes.
- Believed that the aim of punishment should be to prevent the criminal from committing new crimes and to deter others from doing likewise.
Jeremy Bentham
- Believed that individuals always act in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
- Developed the concept of utilitarianism and the felicific calculus.
- Founded the concept of utilitarianism, which assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain.
Positivist School of Criminology
- Believes that the causes of behavior can be measured and observed.
- Focuses on the scientific study of the individual differences among criminals.
- Claims that people are passive and controlled by biological and environmental factors.
The (Un) Holy Three of Criminology
- Cesare Lombroso: recognized as the "Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology"
- Enricco Ferri: focused on the influences of psychological and sociological factors on crime
- Raffaelle Garofallo: treated the roots of criminal behavior not to the individual's moral responsibility, but to the social and environmental conditions in which they live.
Cesare Lombroso
- Recognized as the "Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology"
- Applied modern scientific methods to trace criminal behavior
- Believed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata and recognizable hereditary traits.
Enricco Ferri
- Focused on the influences of psychological and sociological factors on crime
- Believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes, but were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.
Raffaelle Garofallo
- Treated the roots of criminal behavior not to the individual's moral responsibility, but to the social and environmental conditions in which they live.
Physiognomy and Phrenology
- Physiognomy: the study of the external formation of the skull in relation to the person's personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior
- Phrenology: the study of the external formation of the skull in relation to the person's personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior
Somatotype
- Refers to the study of body build in relation to temperament and personality and the type of offense a person is most prone to commit
- Ernst Kretschmer: distinguished three principal types of physiques: asthenic, athletic, and pyknic
- William Herbert Sheldon: formulated his own group of somatotype: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph### Biological Theories of Crime Causation
- Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals
- Heredity: the transmission of traits from parents to offspring
- Physiognomy: the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
Intelligence as a Factor in Criminality
- The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families showed that feeblemindedness or low-intelligence can be inherited and transferred from one generation to the next
- Alfred Binet developed the first IQ test to measure the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or solve problems in relation to the average capacity of their peers
- IQ classifications:
- Borderline: IQ 71-84
- Mild: IQ 50-55 to approx. 70
- Moderate: IQ 35-40 to approx. 50-55
- Severe: IQ 20-25 to approx. 35-40
- Profound: IQ below 20-25
Psychological Theories
- Sigmund Freud: recognized as the Father of Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalytic theory: criminality is caused by an imbalance of the three components of personality (id, ego, and superego)
- Id: instinctual drives governed by the "pleasure principle"
- Ego: the sensible and responsible part of an individual's personality governed by the "reality principle"
- Superego: serves as the moral conscience of an individual, structured by what values were taught by parents, school, and community
- Psychosexual stages of human development:
- Oral stage: usually during the first year of life when the child attains pleasure by sucking and biting
- Anal stage: focus on the elimination of bodily wastes during the second and third years of life
- Phallic stage: genitals
- Latency: begins at age 6, feelings of sexuality are repressed and the focus is on external factors
- Genital: the feeling of sexuality is expressed
- Oedipus complex (boy): stage of development when male children begin to have sexual feelings for their mothers
- Electra complex (girl): stage of development when female children begin to have sexual feelings for their fathers
Mental Disorders
- Neuroses: a common type of mental disorder used to explain criminal behavior
- Anxiety: characterized by feeling anxious, fearful, or apprehensive
- Obsessive-compulsive behavior: people who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive, and repetitive thoughts or behaviors
- Phobia: excessive and unexplainable fear of something
- Depression: extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity, despair, rejection, boredom, and pessimism
- Psychoses: a more serious type of mental disorder
- Schizophrenia: characterized by distortions or withdrawal from reality, disturbances of thought and language, and withdrawal from social contact
- Paranoia: characterized by delusions of grandeur, persecution, or reference
Sociological Theories
- Social structure theories: refer to environmental factors such as the kind of rearing or family upbringing, quality of teaching in school, influences of peers and friends, and conditions of the neighborhood
- Social disorganization theory: popularized by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, crime in urban areas is more prevalent due to impersonal relationships and lack of social control
- Strain theory: holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them
- Cultural deviance theory: gives emphasis on the concept of culture and sub-culture, deviant behavior which results in criminal behavior among its members
Social Process Theory
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Refers to a group of theories which point to the individual's socialization process as the cause for the commission of crimes
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Social learning theory: criminal behavior is learned through socialization
- Differential association theory: criminal behavior is learned through association with other individuals
- Differential reinforcement theory: behavior is learned through rewards or punishments
- Neutralization theory: individuals justify or neutralize their criminal behavior
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Social bond theory: views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social institutions
- Attachment: refers to the degree to which an individual cares about the opinions of others
- Commitment: refers to the individual's investment in conventional society
- Involvement: refers to the individual's participation in conventional activities
- Belief: refers to the individual's adherence to conventional moral values### Criminology Theories
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Commitment refers to an individual's investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits, such as getting good grades.
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Involvement refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit.
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Belief refers to the acceptance of the norms of conventional society.
Differential Reinforcement Theory
- States that an individual's behavior depends on how people around him react towards his behavior.
- An act that is rewarded is repeated; an act that is punished will be avoided.
Neutralization Theory
- Introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes.
- Also known as "drift theory".
- States that people know when they are doing something wrong, but they rationalize and justify their actions.
Rational Choice Theory (Right Realism Theory)
- States that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
Relative Deprivation Theory (Left Realism Theory)
- Closely associated with anomie theory.
- Suggests that crime happens when individuals or groups see themselves as being unfairly disadvantaged compared to others.
Social Control Theories
- Maintain that everyone has the potential to become criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds to society.
- Social control refers to the agencies of social control, such as family, school, religion, government, and laws.
Labeling Theory
- States that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.
Developmental Theory
- States that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics.
Routine Activities Theory
- States that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders.
Types of Crimes
- Crimes mala in se: acts that are inherently evil (e.g., murder, robbery)
- Crimes mala prohibita: acts that are prohibited only because there are laws forbidding them (e.g., traffic violations, illegal possession of firearms)
Criminological Classifications of Crime
- Acquisitive crimes: crimes in which the offender acquires or gains something (e.g., robbery, estafa, bribery)
- Destructive crimes: crimes that result in destruction, damage, or death (e.g., arson, murder, homicide, damage to property)
Characteristics of Criminals
- Professional criminal: a highly skilled criminal who is engaged in large-scale criminal activities and usually operates in groups.
- Situational criminal: a person who gets involved in criminal acts because the situation presents itself.
Other Criminology Concepts
- Aging out phenomenon: the process by which individuals reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age.
- Cycle of violence: victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.
- Victim precipitation theory: the view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization.
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Test your knowledge of influential thinkers in sociology and psychology, including their theories and concepts. Learn about the fathers of sociology and psychoanalysis, and their contributions to the field.
