Research Methods in Sociology and Psychology

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a 'social fact' as defined by Emile Durkheim?

  • A personal opinion formed after introspection.
  • A fleeting trend in fashion.
  • An individual's unique artistic expression.
  • The shared values and beliefs of a society. (correct)

In the context of cultural norms, which of the following would be considered a 'taboo'?

  • Publicly criticizing the national flag.
  • Wearing mismatched socks.
  • Chewing with an open mouth.
  • Engaging in cannibalism. (correct)

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious drives and desires shaping human behaviour?

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Behaviourism
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Psychodynamic psychology (correct)

A study analyzing the correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates would most likely be considered which type of research?

<p>A correlational study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept from Merton's strain theory best describes an individual who rejects both societal goals and the legitimate means to achieve them, and instead creates a new social order?

<p>Rebellion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a society with a closed stratification system?

<p>A society where social position is primarily determined by birth and is difficult to change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theory, social change is primarily driven by:

<p>The struggle between groups with unequal power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A society that traces descent through the female line is considered:

<p>Matrilineal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'cultural hegemony' in the context of social inequality refers to:

<p>The way that a dominant group's values and beliefs are seen as the norm and accepted by society, even by those who are disadvantaged by them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between somatic and germline editing using CRISPR technology?

<p>Germline edits can be passed down to future generations, while somatic edits cannot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that societal inequalities emerge from differential access to resources and status?

<p>The Davis-Moore theory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of 'status inconsistency'?

<p>An individual with a high level of educational attainment but low occupational prestige. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the stages of social movements, what would be most expected after the coalescence stage?

<p>The movement gaining formal organizational structure and strategy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the Scientific Method?

The scientific method is a systematic process of conducting scientific research that involves steps such as observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Qualitative research focuses on in-depth understanding of social phenomena through non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and texts. Quantitative research, on the other hand, uses numerical data and statistical analysis to measure and quantify social phenomena.

Founder of Sociology

Emile Durkheim is considered the founder of sociology; he emphasized the importance of social forces and social facts in shaping individual behavior and societal structures.

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism are three major theoretical perspectives in sociology. Functionalism views society as a system with interconnected parts working together for stability. Conflict theory sees society as characterized by power struggles and inequalities. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in social interaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Ethnography?

Ethnography is a research method in anthropology that involves intensive immersion in a particular culture to understand its beliefs, practices, and social structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Participant Observation

Participant observation is a research technique where the researcher actively participates in the daily lives of the people they are studying. Margaret Mead's work in Samoa is a famous example of participant observation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deviance and Sanctions

Deviance refers to behaviors that violate social norms and expectations. Sanctions are social responses to deviance, including positive rewards for conformity or negative punishments for nonconformity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Social Movements?

Social movements are collective actions aimed at bringing about social change. They can be driven by a variety of factors, such as shared grievances, collective identity, and mobilization resources.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Deprivation Theory

This theory suggests that social movements arise when people feel a gap between what they expect and what they have. This is often referred to as 'relative deprivation.'

Signup and view all the flashcards

Closed Stratification System

This type of social stratification system offers limited social mobility. Individuals are typically born into their social position and remain there throughout their lives. Examples include the Indian Caste System and Apartheid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Davis-Moore Theory of Social Stratification

A theory that suggests social stratification is necessary for society to function properly. It claims that higher-paying, more difficult jobs require greater talent and effort, and thus deserve higher rewards. Therefore, inequality is seen as a motivating factor for individuals to work hard and contribute to society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conspicuous Consumption

This refers to the behaviors we use to communicate our social position and wealth to others. It's often associated with purchasing luxury items for status rather than practical need.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Discrimination

This is the unequal treatment or harm inflicted on individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular group, often based on protected characteristics like race, gender, or sexual orientation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Research Methods

  • Experimentation, case studies, surveys, interviews, correlational studies, and participant observation are research methods.
  • The scientific method is a process for conducting research.
  • Qualitative and quantitative research are different approaches.
  • Ethical considerations, such as informed consent and risk-benefit rules, are crucial.

Introduction to Sociology

  • Emile Durkheim is the founder of sociology.
  • Key theoretical perspectives are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
  • Realistic conflict theory, like the Robbers Cave experiment, is an example.

Introduction to Psychology

  • Key schools of thought include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic approaches.
  • Psychoanalysis, focusing on the ID, ego, and superego, is a key psychodynamic perspective.
  • Behavioral psychology, emphasizing observable behaviors, is also significant.
  • Cognitive psychology studies mental processes.
  • Developed by figures such as Sigmund Freud, B.F Skinner, John Watson and Karen Horney among others.

Introduction to Anthropology

  • Ethnography is a research method.
  • Participant observation, practiced by figures like Margaret Mead and Derek Freeman, is a crucial anthropological tool.
  • Linguistic anthropology combines history and social interaction.
  • Cultural norms, like folkways, mores, taboos, and laws, are critical to understanding cultures.
  • Functionalism and cultural materialism are theoretical perspectives that analyze societies' infrastructure, structures and superstructure.

Explanations of Social Change

  • Anthropological, psychological, and sociological approaches are used to explain social change.
  • Anthropological perspectives involve invention, discovery, diffusion, and globalization.
  • Psychological perspectives emphasize cognitive dissonance.
  • Conflict theory and functionalist approaches often differ in their interpretations of social change.

Technological Development & Social Change

  • CRISPR technology and designer DNA are discussed.
  • Somatic and germline editing are considered.
  • Therapy versus enhancement in technology are explored.

Deviance

  • Sanctions, both formal and informal, are analyzed.
  • Biological, psychological, and sociological explanations of deviance are discussed.
  • Different types of deviance are categorized.
  • Theories like Durkheim's and Merton's strain theory are examined.

Social Movements

  • New religious movements are analyzed in terms of social movements.
  • Theoretical perspectives (functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism) are applied to understanding social movements.
  • Different types of social movements are identified (reformative, redemptive, transformative, etc.).
  • Theories like relative deprivation theory and mass society theory, and how they relate to social movements.

Changes in Land-Use & Technology

  • Agricultural revolution impacts and contributions are assessed.
  • Domestication of plants and animals are examined as societal drivers.
  • Positive and negative impacts of this change on society.

Life Expectancy

  • Trends and theories surrounding life expectancy are explored.
  • The current trends in lifespan and the relevant social theories behind them.

Social Stratification

  • Principles of social stratification and examples like the Indian caste system and apartheid are analyzed.
  • Concepts of open and closed stratification systems are explained.
  • Davis-Moore theory, interactionist perspective, the concept of cultural capital are explored.
  • How social inequality such as poverty and the Gini coefficient are measured.
  • How historical and cultural perspectives influence social stratification.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Overt, systemic, and interpersonal discrimination are discussed.
  • Theories of prejudice (learned theory, ignorance theory, frustration-aggression) are outlined.
  • Ingroups, outgroups, and landmark case studies like Jane Elliot.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

HSB4U Final Exam Review PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser