Sociology 101 Study Guide

The patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society.

Ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior.

<p>The physical manifestations of human activities, including tools, campsites, art, and structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surrounding environment, the setting in which our behavior takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire human environment, including direct contact with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of cultural elements from one society to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief whether human development is the result of nature (biological forces) or nurture (environmental forces).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The characteristics that a person sees in himself or herself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One's feelings of high or low self-worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social institutions that help shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mead's second stage in the development of role taking; children act in ways they imagine other people would.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mead's third stage in the development of role taking; children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The act or process of arranging persons into classes or social strata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wealth, power, prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-stratification = social mobility; closed-stratification = caste system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social structure in which classes are determined by heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system of ownership usually associated with pre-colonial England, where rights to property were granted conditionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of industries moving out of a country or region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resources (land, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control people's behavior in their presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theoretical perspective that views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals, understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The present state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutual dependency, in which the actions of nations reverberate and affect one another's economic lifelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gathering primary data by asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences, and buying behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Customs and practices that occur across all societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ways a group identifies insiders and excludes outsiders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A variable that is kept constant in an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conclusion that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marx and Engels' term for the upper middle class (property owners).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refusal in believing anything unless it is supported by empirical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using sociology to solve problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developed socialism in response to the evils of the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believed in functionalism and the scientific method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developed a theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops an individual's personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Argued that sociological imagination is a unique way of thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developed the concept of the 'looking glass self'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Father of sociology, founder of positivism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Came up with 'symbolic interaction'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropologist who identified 70 cultural universals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noted that everyone wants to maximize their status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focused on the roles we play when we interact with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explained prejudice as a personality trait found in certain individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developed the concept of the ideal type.</p> Signup and view all the answers