Sociology 101 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What does exchange theory view people as?

  • Unmotivated beings
  • Irrational beings
  • Rational beings (correct)
  • Cultural beings

What is social structure?

The patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society.

What is nonmaterial culture?

Ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior.

What does material culture refer to?

<p>The physical manifestations of human activities, including tools, campsites, art, and structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define norms.

<p>Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ascribed status?

<p>A social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define achieved status.

<p>A social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by physical environment?

<p>The surrounding environment, the setting in which our behavior takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social environment.

<p>The entire human environment, including direct contact with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is technological environment?

<p>Forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural diffusion refer to?

<p>The spread of cultural elements from one society to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define impression management.

<p>The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnocentrism?

<p>Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define subculture.

<p>A social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is socialization?

<p>The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define class consciousness.

<p>A subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does false consciousness mean?

<p>Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

<p>The belief whether human development is the result of nature (biological forces) or nurture (environmental forces).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define self-image.

<p>The characteristics that a person sees in himself or herself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

<p>One's feelings of high or low self-worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are agents of socialization?

<p>The social institutions that help shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define selective exposure.

<p>The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a total institution?

<p>A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define resocialization.

<p>The process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the play stage in Mead's theory?

<p>Mead's second stage in the development of role taking; children act in ways they imagine other people would.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define game stage in Mead's theory.

<p>Mead's third stage in the development of role taking; children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stratification refer to?

<p>The act or process of arranging persons into classes or social strata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dimensions of stratification.

<p>Wealth, power, prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does open/closed stratification mean?

<p>Open-stratification = social mobility; closed-stratification = caste system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a caste system?

<p>A social structure in which classes are determined by heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define feudal system.

<p>A system of ownership usually associated with pre-colonial England, where rights to property were granted conditionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a class system?

<p>Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social class.

<p>A group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is structural mobility?

<p>A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intergenerational mobility refer to?

<p>Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define poverty.

<p>The state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deindustrialization?

<p>The process of industries moving out of a country or region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social construction of reality.

<p>The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are means of production?

<p>The resources (land, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define symbolic interaction.

<p>The idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control people's behavior in their presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functionalist perspective?

<p>Theoretical perspective that views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define conflict perspective.

<p>Approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sociological perspective?

<p>A view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals, understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define status quo.

<p>The present state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the looking-glass self?

<p>An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define latent functions.

<p>The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does equilibrium refer to in sociology?

<p>A situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define interdependency.

<p>Mutual dependency, in which the actions of nations reverberate and affect one another's economic lifelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microsociology?

<p>Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define macrosociology.

<p>Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is content analysis?

<p>The systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define participant observation.

<p>A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is survey research?

<p>Gathering primary data by asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences, and buying behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define theory.

<p>Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cultural universals?

<p>Customs and practices that occur across all societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social institutions.

<p>Systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is boundary maintenance?

<p>The ways a group identifies insiders and excludes outsiders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define quantitative research.

<p>Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is qualitative research?

<p>Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define control group.

<p>The group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define control variable.

<p>A variable that is kept constant in an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

<p>The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dependent variable.

<p>The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cause and effect refer to?

<p>A relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define generalization.

<p>A conclusion that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Protestant Reformation?

<p>A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define proletariat.

<p>Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bourgeoisie refer to?

<p>Marx and Engels' term for the upper middle class (property owners).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organized skepticism?

<p>Refusal in believing anything unless it is supported by empirical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define reactivity.

<p>When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is applied sociology?

<p>Using sociology to solve problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociological imagination mean?

<p>An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Karl Marx?

<p>Developed socialism in response to the evils of the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Emile Durkheim believe?

<p>Believed in functionalism and the scientific method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was George Herbert Mead?

<p>Developed a theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops an individual's personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did C.Wright Mills argue?

<p>Argued that sociological imagination is a unique way of thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charles Horton Cooley?

<p>Developed the concept of the 'looking glass self'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Auguste Comte known for?

<p>Father of sociology, founder of positivism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Herbert Blumer?

<p>Came up with 'symbolic interaction'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define George Peter Murdock.

<p>Anthropologist who identified 70 cultural universals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Gerhard Lenski?

<p>Noted that everyone wants to maximize their status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Erving Goffman?

<p>Focused on the roles we play when we interact with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Theodor Adorno explain?

<p>Explained prejudice as a personality trait found in certain individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Max Weber.

<p>Developed the concept of the ideal type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Sociological Theories and Concepts

  • Exchange Theory: People as rational beings assess the costs and benefits of exchanging goods or services.
  • Social Structure: Patterns of relationships and institutions that shape society.
  • Nonmaterial Culture: Refers to ideas and beliefs that influence behavior.
  • Material Culture: Physical objects and artifacts that represent human activities.

Status and Social Roles

  • Norms: Societal rules guiding behavior of individuals.
  • Ascribed Status: A social position assigned at birth or involuntarily acquired.
  • Achieved Status: A social position attained through personal effort.

Environments Influencing Behavior

  • Physical Environment: The tangible surroundings impacting behaviors.
  • Social Environment: Includes interactions and relationships with others.
  • Technological Environment: Influences society through new technology and market opportunities.

Cultural Dynamics

  • Cultural Diffusion: The spread of cultural elements between societies.
  • Subculture: Distinctive behaviors and beliefs within a larger culture.
  • Cultural Universals: Common practices found across all societies, such as marriage and hygiene.

Socialization and Identity

  • Socialization: Learning and adopting the behaviors of a culture.
  • Self-Image: How one perceives their own characteristics.
  • Self-Esteem: Perception of one's self-worth.

Social Institutions and Functions

  • Agents of Socialization: Institutions like family and schools shaping beliefs and values.
  • Total Institution: Environments where individuals are isolated and closely controlled.
  • Boundary Maintenance: Identifying group members versus outsiders, crucial for social order.

Mobility and Stratification

  • Stratification: Arrangement of individuals into classes or strata.
  • Open vs. Closed Stratification: Differentiates between social mobility (open) and caste systems (closed).
  • Intergenerational Mobility: Change in social status across generations.

Research and Methods

  • Quantitative Research: Data primarily in numerical form.
  • Qualitative Research: Focus on observations in natural settings.
  • Participant Observation: Researchers join subjects in their habitual activities for data collection.

Influential Sociologists

  • Karl Marx: Advocated for socialism; focused on class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat.
  • Emile Durkheim: Functionalism; emphasized the interdependence of society's components.
  • C.Wright Mills: Developed the concept of sociological imagination, linking personal experiences to societal structures.
  • George Herbert Mead: Explored self-development through social experiences; emphasized role-taking.

Sociological Perspectives

  • Functionalist Perspective: Society as interconnected parts working for stability.
  • Conflict Perspective: Focus on social conflicts, inequalities, and the role of elites in maintaining power.
  • Symbolic Interaction: Meaning derived from social interactions shapes behaviors.

Miscellaneous Concepts

  • Impression Management: Controlling the perception others have of oneself.
  • Looking-Glass Self: Self-image formed by perceived judgments from others.
  • Cause and Effect: Relationships where one variable directly influences another.

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Description

This study guide focuses on key concepts in Sociology 101, including exchange theory and social structure. Perfect for students looking to grasp foundational sociological theories and how they apply to social behavior. Use these flashcards to enhance your understanding and retention of the material.

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