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What is the primary focus of functionalism in the context of deviance?
What is the primary focus of functionalism in the context of deviance?
Which term describes a group that holds values different from mainstream culture?
Which term describes a group that holds values different from mainstream culture?
What is the perspective of symbolic interactionism in studying deviance?
What is the perspective of symbolic interactionism in studying deviance?
Which group is represented by the term 'bourgeoisie'?
Which group is represented by the term 'bourgeoisie'?
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What does the term 'status frustration' refer to in the study of deviance?
What does the term 'status frustration' refer to in the study of deviance?
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Which of the following is most closely related to the theory of status frustration?
Which of the following is most closely related to the theory of status frustration?
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How does the 'looking glass self' concept explain self-perception?
How does the 'looking glass self' concept explain self-perception?
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What aspect does deviance represent in a functionalist view?
What aspect does deviance represent in a functionalist view?
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What term is used to describe groups with different values from the primary culture?
What term is used to describe groups with different values from the primary culture?
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According to Albert Cohen, what leads to the emergence of working-class subcultures?
According to Albert Cohen, what leads to the emergence of working-class subcultures?
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Which phenomenon results from individuals conforming to the values and norms of their subculture?
Which phenomenon results from individuals conforming to the values and norms of their subculture?
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What is status frustration, according to Cohen?
What is status frustration, according to Cohen?
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What do delinquent subcultures offer as a positive reward for deviant behavior?
What do delinquent subcultures offer as a positive reward for deviant behavior?
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What concept explains the emergence of different types of subcultures based on regional social circumstances?
What concept explains the emergence of different types of subcultures based on regional social circumstances?
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Which theorists expanded on Cohen's subcultural theory to explain types of delinquent subcultures?
Which theorists expanded on Cohen's subcultural theory to explain types of delinquent subcultures?
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What is a common behavior that may be rewarded in a delinquent subculture?
What is a common behavior that may be rewarded in a delinquent subculture?
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What is the main focus of the course SW 215?
What is the main focus of the course SW 215?
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Which theory is primarily concerned with the impact of societal values and pressures on deviant behavior?
Which theory is primarily concerned with the impact of societal values and pressures on deviant behavior?
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Which of the following theories suggests that deviance is a result of social interactions?
Which of the following theories suggests that deviance is a result of social interactions?
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What role do self-help resources play in the context of social deviations?
What role do self-help resources play in the context of social deviations?
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What does the term 'social disorganization theory' primarily focus on?
What does the term 'social disorganization theory' primarily focus on?
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How does feminist theory contribute to the understanding of social deviance?
How does feminist theory contribute to the understanding of social deviance?
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Which of the following concepts is integral to the understanding of Differential Association Theory?
Which of the following concepts is integral to the understanding of Differential Association Theory?
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What is considered a key characteristic of control theory in relation to deviance?
What is considered a key characteristic of control theory in relation to deviance?
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Which psychological approach categorizes personality disorders into three clusters?
Which psychological approach categorizes personality disorders into three clusters?
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What factor is critical in understanding eating disorders from a social work perspective?
What factor is critical in understanding eating disorders from a social work perspective?
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Which theory emphasizes that deviant behavior is a result of a person fitting into a larger social context?
Which theory emphasizes that deviant behavior is a result of a person fitting into a larger social context?
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What does 'neutralization theory' address in the context of deviance?
What does 'neutralization theory' address in the context of deviance?
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How are mood disorders classified in relation to social work practice?
How are mood disorders classified in relation to social work practice?
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What is the primary characteristic of retreatism in social behavior?
What is the primary characteristic of retreatism in social behavior?
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Which group is an example of rebellion as defined in the content?
Which group is an example of rebellion as defined in the content?
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What does differential association theory primarily focus on?
What does differential association theory primarily focus on?
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According to differential association theory, when are individuals more likely to choose a criminal path?
According to differential association theory, when are individuals more likely to choose a criminal path?
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What does the term 'retreatism' specifically refer to in terms of societal response?
What does the term 'retreatism' specifically refer to in terms of societal response?
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What does differential association suggest about the role of high-status individuals in criminal behavior?
What does differential association suggest about the role of high-status individuals in criminal behavior?
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What is a key criticism of the differential association theory?
What is a key criticism of the differential association theory?
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What motivates both criminal and non-criminal individuals, as suggested in the content?
What motivates both criminal and non-criminal individuals, as suggested in the content?
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What is the primary mechanism of positive social control?
What is the primary mechanism of positive social control?
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Which of the following is an example of negative social control?
Which of the following is an example of negative social control?
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According to Hirschi's Control Theory, which factor is NOT one of the four social bonds?
According to Hirschi's Control Theory, which factor is NOT one of the four social bonds?
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What is a predicted characteristic of the 'typical delinquent' according to Hirschi?
What is a predicted characteristic of the 'typical delinquent' according to Hirschi?
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What is the fundamental principle of deterrence theory?
What is the fundamental principle of deterrence theory?
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How does positive social control differ from negative social control?
How does positive social control differ from negative social control?
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According to the content, who is less likely to commit a crime?
According to the content, who is less likely to commit a crime?
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Which is NOT a supposed effect of positive social control?
Which is NOT a supposed effect of positive social control?
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Study Notes
Sociological Theories in Deviance
- Subcultural Theory suggests that deviance arises from whole groups breaking away from mainstream society, forming subcultures with deviant values.
- Individuals in subcultures conform to the norms and values of their specific group, contributing to deviance.
- Subcultural theory emphasizes the influence of peer groups in promoting deviance, contrasting with social control theories which focus on the lack of social bonds.
- Status Frustration emerges within deviant subcultures due to a sense of personal failure and inadequacy.
- Albert Cohen argued that working-class boys strive for middle-class values and aspirations but lack the means to achieve them, resulting in status frustration.
- Working-class boys respond to status frustration by rejecting mainstream values and behaviors, forming delinquent subcultures that reverse societal norms.
- Cloward and Ohlin's Subcultural Theory further expands on Cohen's theory, exploring the development of specific subcultures within varying social circumstances.
- Cloward and Ohlin introduced the concept of "illegitimate opportunity structure," which impacts the type of subculture that emerges.
- They proposed three types of delinquent subcultures:
- Criminal Subcultures: Provides opportunities for engaging in organized crime
- Conflict Subcultures: Emerges in areas with weak social organization, where violence is a means of achieving status.
- Retreatist Subcultures: Individuals who cannot participate in either criminal or conflict subcultures and retreat into drug use, alcohol abuse, or other escape mechanisms.
Retreatism
- Individuals reject cultural goals and the means to achieve them.
- They do not replace these norms with their own counter-cultural forces.
- Examples include severe alcoholics, some homeless people, and hermits.
Rebellion
- Individuals reject cultural goals and means but work on something to replace them.
- They substitute new goals and new means of attaining those goals to bring about revolutionary change and create a new society.
- Examples include the American Nazi party, "skinheads," "hippies," and the Ku Klux Klan.
Differential Association
- Theory developed by Edwin Sutherland (1883–1950).
- Individuals learn values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior through interaction with others.
- Focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, not why they become criminals.
- Predicts that an individual will choose a criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
- The earlier in life an individual comes under the influence of high-status people within a group, the more likely the individual is to follow in their footsteps.
Two Types of Social Control by Kimbell Young
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Positive social control: rewards and incentives have value on a person's activities.
- People desire to be rewarded by society.
- They follow societal mores, practices, and traditions to achieve this.
- Examples include rewards, fame, respect, and recognition.
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Negative social control: uses the threat of punishment to prevent an individual from doing something wrong.
- Prevents people from violating socially accepted traditions, customs, ideas, and values.
- Examples include verbal punishment, defamation, and negative criticism.
Travis Hirschi's Control Theory (Social Bonds)
- Criminal activity occurs when an individual’s attachment to society is weakened.
- This attachment depends on the strength of social bonds that hold people to society.
- Four social bonds hold people together: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- The theory predicts that the ‘typical delinquent’ is young, single, unemployed, and probably male.
- Conversely, those who are married and in work are less likely to commit a crime.
Deterrence Theory
- People don't commit crimes because they are afraid of getting caught, not because of a deep moral sense.
- People are more likely to be dissuaded from crime if they fear punishment.
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Description
Explore key concepts of sociological theories addressing deviance, particularly focusing on subcultural theory. Learn about status frustration and how working-class boys form delinquent subcultures in response to societal pressures. This quiz delves into the works of theorists like Albert Cohen and Cloward & Ohlin.
