Psychology Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development

Questions and Answers

What is emotion?

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being.

Emotions have important roles in communication with others and __________.

behavioral organization

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either or .

positive, negative

Emotions are influenced both by _ and by a person's ______.

biological foundations, experiences Signup and view all the answers

What do babies pick up on concerning their mothers?

Stress Signup and view all the answers

What are display rules?

Rules governing when, where, and how emotions should be expressed. Signup and view all the answers

Display rules are _ __.

not universal Signup and view all the answers

Name some of the emotions that infants express in the first 6 months of life.

Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust Signup and view all the answers

When do self-conscious emotions occur according to Kagan and Campos?

After the first year of life Signup and view all the answers

Interactions between parents and infants are .

mutually regulated Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a Basic cry?

A cry followed by a brief silence, then a shorter, higher whistle, then silence, then the next cry. Signup and view all the answers

Describe an anger cry.

More excess air forced through the vocal cords than for basic crying. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a pain cry?

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by the holding of the breath. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflexive smile?

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep. Signup and view all the answers

A social smile occurs as early as _____ months of age.

2 Signup and view all the answers

One of a baby's earliest emotions is ______, typically around 6 months.

fear Signup and view all the answers

Stranger anxiety usually appears around months, and intensifies by _ months.

6, 9 Signup and view all the answers

When infants feel ______, they are less likely to show stranger anxiety.

secure Signup and view all the answers

Infants are _____ fearful of child strangers and friendly, outgoing strangers than adult strangers and passive, unsmiling strangers.

less Signup and view all the answers

What is separation protest?

Fear of being separated from a caregiver shown by infants crying when a caregiver leaves. Signup and view all the answers

Separation protest tends to peak around _____ months among U.S. infants.

15 Signup and view all the answers

What is social referencing?

Involves 'reading' emotional cues of others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. Signup and view all the answers

During the ______ year, infants gradually develop the ability to inhibit emotional responses.

first Signup and view all the answers

By age ____ children can define their feeling states and identify upsetting contexts.

2 Signup and view all the answers

Even at birth, babies have different __________.

temperaments Signup and view all the answers

What are individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding called?

Temperament Signup and view all the answers

What classification system includes easy child, difficult child, and slow-to-warm-up child?

Chess and Thomas Classification Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an easy child?

Generally in a positive mood, establishes regular routines easily, and adapts easily to new experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a difficult child?

Generally reacts negatively, cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a slow-to-warm-up child?

Has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. Signup and view all the answers

Chess and Thompson found their classifications to be relatively _______ across the childhood years.

stable Signup and view all the answers

Kagan regards shyness as one feature of which temperament category?

Inhibition of the unfamiliar Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes inhibition of the unfamiliar?

Babies react to unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect. Signup and view all the answers

What is effortful control (self-regulation)?

The ability of infants to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves. Signup and view all the answers

Infants with mothers who are __________ show a lower level of effortful control.

stressed Signup and view all the answers

What do Kagan argue that children inherit that predisposes them to have a certain temperament?

Physiology Signup and view all the answers

An infant's temperament may depend in part on __________.

culture Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by goodness of fit?

The match between a child's temperament and the environment demands the child must cope with. Signup and view all the answers

What are some strategies for temperament-sensitive parenting according to Sanson and Rothbart?

Attention to and respect for individuality, structuring the child's environment, avoiding applying negative labels to the child. Signup and view all the answers

What is attention to and respect for individuality?

Being flexible and sensitive to an infant's signals and needs. Signup and view all the answers

What does structuring the child's environment involve?

Constructing the child's environment while considering their personal temperament and needs. Signup and view all the answers

Why should negative labels not be applied to children?

To avoid eliciting undesirable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Emotions and temperament are key parts of __________.

personality Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by which stage of development?

Trust-versus-mistrust Signup and view all the answers

The trust-versus-mistrust stage of development arises with each successive stage and must again be dealt with, and the outcomes can be or .

positive, negative Signup and view all the answers

A rudimentary form of self-recognition appears as early as _______ months.

3 Signup and view all the answers

The ability to recognize one's features appears between months to years.

18, 2 Signup and view all the answers

Infants develop a conscious awareness of their own bodies in the _____ year of life.

2nd Signup and view all the answers

What important issue does Erikson stress in the second year of life?

Independence Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?

It has implications for the development of independence during adolescence. Signup and view all the answers

Whose view describes infants as socioemotional beings motivated to understand their social world?

Thompson's Signup and view all the answers

Face-to-face play typically begins around - months of age.

2-3 Signup and view all the answers

Infants as young as ____ months show interest in each other.

6 Signup and view all the answers

Between -_ months, children increase their imitative and reciprocal play.

18-24 Signup and view all the answers

What is locomotion?

An important part of independence that leads to goal-directed pursuits. Signup and view all the answers

The ability to perceive people as engaging in intentional and goal-directed behavior occurs towards the end of the _______ year.

first Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment?

A close emotional bond between two people. Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object that provides them with _ ______.

oral satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's work with infant monkeys show?

Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, physical comfort and sensitive care are key to establishing trust in the _______ stage of development.

trust-versus-mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that both the infant and its primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments?

Bowlby Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby conceptualized ______ phases in the development of attachment.

four Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's phase which lasts from to months involves infants forming attachments to human figures.

birth, 2 Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's phase which lasts from to months involves attachment focusing on one figure.

2, 7 Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's phase which lasts from to months involves developing specific attachments.

7, 24 Signup and view all the answers

Bowlby's phase which lasts from __ _ ____ involves taking into account other people's feelings and plans.

24 months on Signup and view all the answers

What is an internal working model?

A simple mental representation of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care. Signup and view all the answers

What observational measure of infant attachment did Ainsworth create?

Strange situation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes securely attached babies?

They use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insecure avoidant babies?

They show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insecure resistant babies?

They often cling to their caregiver and then resist closeness. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insecure disorganized babies?

They are disorganized and disoriented. Signup and view all the answers

Do individual differences in attachment matter?

True Signup and view all the answers

What did Sroufe find correlated with positive emotional health in children?

Early secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the developmental cascade model?

Involves connections across domains over time that influence pathways and outcomes, including biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. Signup and view all the answers

What were the findings of the meta-analysis study on the developmental cascade model?

Moderate stability of attachment security occurred from early infant to adulthood, no significant stability for intervals over 15 years. Signup and view all the answers

What are the criticisms of attachment theory?

Genes and temperament not accounted for, diversity of socializing contexts not considered, and multiple attachments not taken into account. Signup and view all the answers

Caregivers of securely attached babies interact by being sensitive to their signals and being constantly available.

True Signup and view all the answers

Interactions between children and parents have effects on _ and as well as __.

child behavior and development, marital relationship, parenting Signup and view all the answers

What is reciprocal socialization?

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize their parents just as parents socialize their children. Signup and view all the answers

In the U.S., _______ of children age 5 and younger experience more than one child care arrangement.

15% Signup and view all the answers

The European Union has mandated ________ maternity leave, most of which are paid.

14 weeks Signup and view all the answers

The United States currently allows up to _________ of unpaid leave for parents who are caring for a newborn.

12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions in Infancy

Emotions are crucial for well-being and influence interactions and communication.
Emotions are classified as positive or negative, impacting developmental progress.
Biological foundations and personal experiences shape an individual's emotional response.

Impact of Stress and Emotional Expression

Babies sense maternal stress; higher stress correlates with increased infant heart rates.
Display rules dictate when and how emotions should be expressed and are not universal.
Infants express basic emotions such as surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust within the first 6 months.

Development of Self-Conscious Emotions

Self-conscious emotions develop after the first year, focusing on self-awareness and social interaction.
Parent-infant interactions are characterized by mutual regulation and responsiveness.

Crying and Smiling Patterns

The basic cry indicates hunger, while the anger cry expresses frustration and has an intensified airflow.
The pain cry features a sudden loud cry following breath cessation.
Reflexive smiles appear in early infancy, while social smiles emerge around 2 months in reaction to stimuli.

Fear Development and Attachment

Fear typically starts around 6 months and peaks at 18 months, with stranger anxiety emerging in this period.
Separation protest peaks around 15 months, demonstrating the emotional bond with caregivers.

Infants engage in social referencing, interpreting others' emotional cues to guide their behavior.
By the first year, infants learn to manage emotional responses, and by age two, they can articulate feelings.

Temperament Variability

Individual temperaments vary from birth, classified into easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up categories.
A stable temperament is observed across childhood stages, influencing behavior and personality post-development.

Inhibition of the Unfamiliar

Shyness is one aspect of the broader temperament category of inhibition towards unfamiliar situations.

Parental Influence on Development

Sensitive and responsive caregiving fosters better emotional regulation and secure attachments, enhancing child development.
Strategies include respecting individuality, structuring environments, and avoiding negative labeling.

Theories of Attachment

Attachment is defined as a close emotional bond, with Freud attributing it to oral satisfaction and Bowlby positing biological predispositions.
Bowlby outlines four phases of attachment development:
- Phase 1 (birth to 2 months): Initial attachment towards human figures.
- Phase 2 (2 to 7 months): Attachment focuses on one primary caregiver.
- Phase 3 (7 to 24 months): Development of specific attachments increases active seeking of caregivers.
- Phase 4 (24 months onward): Awareness of others' feelings and intentions.

Attachment Measurement

Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" identifies secure and insecure attachment styles, including:
- Securely attached: Use caregivers as a secure base for exploration.
- Insecure avoidant: Avoid the caregiver.
- Insecure resistant: Cling to caregivers while resisting closeness.
- Insecure disorganized: Display disorientation and confusion.

Long-Term Effects of Attachment

Early secure attachments positively correlate with social competence, self-esteem, and emotional health in later life.
The developmental cascade model links various developmental domains over time, emphasizing the role of social contexts.

Parenting Context and Child Development

Reciprocal socialization emphasizes the bidirectional influence between children and parents.
High percentages of U.S. children experience multiple childcare arrangements, affecting development outcomes.
The European Union mandates 14 weeks of paid maternity leave, while the U.S. offers 12 weeks of unpaid leave, highlighting different cultural approaches to parental leave policies.

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Explore fundamental concepts of socioemotional development in infancy through flashcards. This quiz focuses on key terms and definitions that highlight the importance of emotions during early interactions. Test your understanding of how emotions affect well-being and communication in infants.