W6: Socio-Emotional Competence Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT one of Denham's components of emotional competence?

  • Emotional Understanding
  • Emotional Expression
  • Self-Esteem Regulation (correct)
  • Emotion Regulation

    • At what age do children begin to express a social smile to engage intentionally?

  • 6 months
  • At birth
  • 3 weeks to 3 months (correct)
  • 3 to 4 months

    • Which of the following is an example of an emotion that becomes more complex in preschoolers?

  • Joy
  • Surprise
  • Interest
  • Embarrassment (correct)

    • What does the ability to control emotional expression NOT include?

    <p>Displaying intense joy to gain attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children commonly demonstrate empathy according to the content?

    <p>Through their gestures and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the stability of emotional displays from infancy to early childhood?

    <p>The balance of positive and negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason negative emotions are more difficult for children to pose than positive emotions?

    <p>Lack of muscular control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common aspect of individual differences in emotional expression?

    <p>Social media influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily influenced by a child's temperament?

    <p>Attachment styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotion regulation primarily involve?

    <p>Increasing and decreasing emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for emotional reactivity?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament pattern is characterized by a child who adapts slowly to new situations?

    <p>Slow to Warm Up Child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of emotion understanding, what is primarily emphasized for emotional intelligence?

    <p>Discerning one's own emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the classification of temperament?

    <p>Cognitive flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding a child’s temperament important for parents?

    <p>To tailor responses to individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an 'easy child' temperament?

    <p>Regular sleeping and eating patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of poor emotion regulation in children?

    <p>Development of conduct disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of self-regulation in temperament?

    <p>To manage emotional expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament type is characterized by regularity in sleeping and feeding?

    <p>Easy Child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a 'Slow to Warm Up Child'?

    <p>Mild intensity of reaction to new stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a part of the 'Nurture' aspect in temperament development?

    <p>Genetic predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperament typically correlate with stability over time?

    <p>Stability score of 0.7-0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moderator factor influences the relationship between temperament and parenting?

    <p>Age of the parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodological challenge is commonly encountered when assessing temperament?

    <p>Inaccurate parental ratings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Lab-TAB assessment, which type of task measures a child's ability to delay gratification?

    <p>Hot Tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament pattern showed the highest correlation with behavioral problems in adulthood according to the longitudinal studies?

    <p>Difficult temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation is described where a child's traits elicit specific reactions from others, impacting their environment?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential clinical implication regarding children with a difficult temperament?

    <p>Providing extra support and training for parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which characteristic is NOT linked to 'Effortful Control'?

    <p>High emotional reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key term used to describe when a child's temperament affects how parents react, potentially leading to self-fulfilling prophecies?

    <p>Parent perception of 'difficultness'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study found that temperament in preschoolers can be a modest risk factor for developing psychopathology in adolescents?

    <p>Longitudinal Study of Australian Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are emotions present at birth?

    <p>Reflexive smile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minimizing affect to socially comply is known as:

    <p>Self-protective Expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did LaFrenier and Sroufe find concerning levels of positive and negative emotional expressiveness of children 4 and 5 years old over time?

    <p>Positive and negative expressiveness appeared stable across contexts and time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parenting in emotional expression?

    <p>Helping down-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of over-regulation of emotions in childhood?

    <p>Anxious or fearful because of internalised emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 qualities of Temperament?

    <p>Reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thomas & Chess (1950) say about why kids turn out differently despite being raised in similar environments?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlations and goodness of fit between child's predispositions and their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological evidence for individual differences in temperament?

    <p>Cortisol levels, amygdala activation and prefrontal cortex activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many children are classified as having a 'slow to warm up' temperament?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is temperament mostly biologically determined?

    <p>No, only half of the variance is explained by genetic differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laboratory assessment of temperament (Lab-Tab) assesses effortful control involving:

    <p>Hot tasks - delaying gratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The New York Longitudinal Study found what correlation between difficult temperament and later behavioral problems?

    <p>High correlation of .71</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dunedin study found that both high impulsivity and high inhibition in preschoolers was associated with?

    <p>Negative outcomes in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Socio-Emotional Competence

    • Components of Emotional Competence: Emotional expression, understanding, and regulation.
    • Emotional Expression: Present at birth with basic emotions like interest, distress, and startle response.
      • Social smile develops around 3 weeks to 3 months.
      • Core-based emotions emerge around 3-4 months.
    • More complex emotions develop in preschoolers: Shyness, embarrassment, pride, and guilt.
      • Social understanding is evident through these emotions.
      • Gestures are used to express emotions and demonstrate empathy.
      • Understanding social standards and rules: This is influenced by observing parental reactions, internalizing parental values, and vicarious experience.
    • Controlling emotional expression: Ability to hide negative emotions as needed.
      • Posing facial expressions: Negative emotions are harder to pose, possibly due to lack of muscular control or socialization to display positive emotions.
      • Self-protective expression: Manipulating emotions to fit social situations (e.g., acting polite when receiving a gift).
    • Individual differences in emotional expression: Balanced positive and negative emotions, frequency of specific displays, intensity, and speed of onset.
      • Stability of emotional displays: Research suggests some stability between 6 weeks to 30 months.
      • Factors influencing stability: Possible genetic component, but parental responses are likely a significant influence.
    • Emotional Understanding: Involves recognizing one's own emotions, understanding others' emotions, and using emotional vocabulary.
    • Emotion Regulation: Strategies used to increase, maintain, or decrease emotional responses.
      • Up-regulation: Increasing emotional intensity.
      • Down-regulation: Decreasing emotional intensity (requiring understanding of emotions' causes and consequences).
    • Biological mechanisms: Reactivity (amygdala) and regulation (prefrontal cortex).
    • Developmental Trajectory:
      • Infancy: Control of attention and self-soothing.
      • Toddlerhood: Effortful control – managing thoughts, feelings, and actions.
    • Importance of emotion regulation: Learning to fit into social environments ("emotional intelligence").
      • Under-regulation: Potential for behavioral problems like conduct disorders, oppositional defiance, and aggression.
      • Over-regulation: Potential for internalizing problems like anxiety and fear.

    Temperament

    • Definition: Individual differences in behavior rooted in biology, relatively independent of learning.
      • Early emergence and stability are characteristic features.
      • Early stages of personality development.
    • Defined by three qualities:
      • Reactivity: Physiological responses to stimuli.
      • Self-regulation: Ability to control impulses and emotions.
      • Sociability: Social interactions and preferences.
    • Importance of temperament: Influences development, attachment, and parental responsiveness.

    Historical Background of Temperament

    • Ancient civilizations: Humors (Galen) linked to personality traits.
    • Chinese tradition: Yin and yang.
    • 1920s-1950s: Environmental determinism dominated:
      • Watson: Behaviorism.
      • Freud: Psychoanalytic (parent blaming).
    • Thomas & Chess (1950s):
      • Goodness of fit: Child's temperament should match their environment.
      • Evocative gene-environment correlations: Child's temperament influences responses from others.

    Infant Temperament

    • Individual differences: Affect, activity, and attention.
    • Biological mechanisms: Measured through cortisol levels, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex activation.
    • Primate and social mammal presence: Suggests a biological basis.
    • Early emergence: First few years of life.
    • Relative enduring and predictive: Temperament can predict future outcomes.

    Arguments for the Influence of Temperament

    • Good parenting: Doesn't always guarantee similar outcomes.
      • No consistent pattern: Lack of clear connection between parent behavior and specific child problems.

    Why Focus on the Child?

    • Individual differences: Understanding and responding to a child's unique traits.
    • Infancy: Parents should observe:
      • Regularity of biological functions.
      • Motor activity.
      • Intensity of emotions.
      • Reactions to novelty.

    ### Classifying Temperament

    • Dimensions of Temperament (Thomas & Chess): Nine characteristics associated with personality, reactivity, and self-regulation.
      • Activity level.
      • Rhythmicity: Regularity of biological functions.
      • Approach/withdrawal: Reactions to new stimuli.
      • Adaptability: Adjusting to change.
      • Threshold of responsiveness: Sensitivity to stimulation.
      • Intensity: Strength of emotional reactions.
      • Quality of mood: Baseline emotional state.
      • Distractibility: Ability to shift focus.
      • Attention span and persistence.
    • Temperament Patterns (4):
      • Easy child: (40%) Regularity, positive approach, high adaptability, predominantly positive mood.
      • Slow to warm up child: (15%) Inactivity, mild reactions, slow adaptability after repeated exposure.
      • Difficult child: (10%) Irregularity, withdrawal, intense negative moods, distress in new situations.
      • Difficult to classify: Children who don't fit neatly into any category.

    Parenting and Temperament

    • Temperament influences parents: Lifestyle, parenting approach, and self-efficacy.
    • Nature vs. Nurture:
      • Nature: Genetics (twin studies).
      • Nurture: Pre and postnatal environments:
        • Prenatal environment: Teratogens, stress exposure.
        • Birth experiences: Anoxia, birth order.
        • Caregiving: Soothing effectiveness.
        • Cultural background.

    Stability of Temperament

    • Moderate stability: Correlation between .7 and .8, with some minor changes.
    • Agreement: Parents agree most of the time, with moderate agreement between parents and teachers.
    • Heritability: Estimated at .5 to .6 for temperament stability.
    • Reciprocal influence: Both parenting and temperament influence each other.

    "Third Variables": Moderators

    • Moderator: Influence the strength of the relationship between temperament and parenting.
      • Age: Parental responsiveness may change with the child's age.
      • Gender: Acceptance levels of different temperaments vary by gender.
      • Parent characteristics: Mental health, personality.
      • Goodness of fit: Match/mismatch between parent and child temperament.
      • Social and cultural factors.

    Assessing Temperament

    • Methodological Challenges:
      • Parental ratings: Potential for bias and inaccurate perspectives.
      • Mixed methods are needed for comprehensive assessment:
        • Observations.
        • Physiological measures.
        • Laboratory Assessment of Temperament (Lab-TAB): Measures effortful control.

    Laboratory Assessment of Temperament (Lab-TAB)

    • Effortful control: Higher-order self-regulatory process.
      • Links: Attention regulation, social competence, learning, and school readiness.
      • Regulating: Negative affect and temperament reactivity.
    • Effortful Control Tasks:
      • Hot tasks: Ability to delay gratification (linked to emotion regulation and externalizing problems).
      • Cool tasks: Inhibiting dominant responses (predicting academic performance, persistence, and attention regulation).

    Assessing Longer Term Outcomes of Temperament

    • Longitudinal Study Results:
      • New York Longitudinal Study (Thomas & Chess): Few significant correlations between temperament attributes and adult outcomes, except for difficult temperaments predicting behavior problems.
      • Australian Temperament Project: Three generations studied; investigated temperament's influence on various outcomes.
      • Dunedin Study: Under-control and impulsivity in preschoolers linked to negative adult outcomes.
      • Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC): Temperament in preschoolers was connected to psychopathology in later childhood.

    Considerations for Correlations

    • Evocative gene-environment correlations: Child elicits reactions that shape their environment.
    • Active gene-environment correlations: Child chooses environments aligned with their temperament.
    • Self-fulfilling prophecies: Parental perception of "difficult" children can influence their behavior.
    • Differential susceptibility: Children are more vulnerable to both positive and negative environments based on their temperament.

    Applications: Temperament as a Protective or Risk Factor

    • Reciprocal influence: Temperament and parenting impact each other.
    • Environmental interaction: Temperament interacts with the environment.
    • Protective factors: "Easy" temperaments can promote positive interactions.
    • Risk factors: Inhibition may lead to parental overprotectiveness and potential anxiety disorders.
    • Clinical implications:
      • Individuality: Treat each child uniquely.
      • Response to cues: Identify and respond to a child's specific needs.
      • Differential susceptibility: Provide additional support for parents of more challenging temperaments.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the components and development of socio-emotional competence, including emotional expression and regulation in children. This quiz covers various emotions, social understanding, and how emotional expression evolves from infancy to preschool age.

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