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Questions and Answers
What is NOT one of Denham's components of emotional competence?
At what age do children begin to express a social smile to engage intentionally?
Which of the following is an example of an emotion that becomes more complex in preschoolers?
What does the ability to control emotional expression NOT include?
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How do children commonly demonstrate empathy according to the content?
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What factor influences the stability of emotional displays from infancy to early childhood?
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What is a primary reason negative emotions are more difficult for children to pose than positive emotions?
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Which of the following is NOT a common aspect of individual differences in emotional expression?
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What is primarily influenced by a child's temperament?
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What does emotion regulation primarily involve?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for emotional reactivity?
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Which temperament pattern is characterized by a child who adapts slowly to new situations?
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In terms of emotion understanding, what is primarily emphasized for emotional intelligence?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the classification of temperament?
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Why is understanding a child’s temperament important for parents?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an 'easy child' temperament?
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What could be a consequence of poor emotion regulation in children?
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What is the primary role of self-regulation in temperament?
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Which temperament type is characterized by regularity in sleeping and feeding?
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What is a key characteristic of a 'Slow to Warm Up Child'?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered a part of the 'Nurture' aspect in temperament development?
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How does temperament typically correlate with stability over time?
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Which moderator factor influences the relationship between temperament and parenting?
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What methodological challenge is commonly encountered when assessing temperament?
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In the context of the Lab-TAB assessment, which type of task measures a child's ability to delay gratification?
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Which temperament pattern showed the highest correlation with behavioral problems in adulthood according to the longitudinal studies?
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What type of correlation is described where a child's traits elicit specific reactions from others, impacting their environment?
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What is a potential clinical implication regarding children with a difficult temperament?
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Among the following, which characteristic is NOT linked to 'Effortful Control'?
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What is a key term used to describe when a child's temperament affects how parents react, potentially leading to self-fulfilling prophecies?
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Which study found that temperament in preschoolers can be a modest risk factor for developing psychopathology in adolescents?
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Which are emotions present at birth?
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Minimizing affect to socially comply is known as:
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What did LaFrenier and Sroufe find concerning levels of positive and negative emotional expressiveness of children 4 and 5 years old over time?
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What is the role of parenting in emotional expression?
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What is the result of over-regulation of emotions in childhood?
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What are the 3 qualities of Temperament?
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What did Thomas & Chess (1950) say about why kids turn out differently despite being raised in similar environments?
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What is the biological evidence for individual differences in temperament?
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How many children are classified as having a 'slow to warm up' temperament?
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Is temperament mostly biologically determined?
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Laboratory assessment of temperament (Lab-Tab) assesses effortful control involving:
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The New York Longitudinal Study found what correlation between difficult temperament and later behavioral problems?
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The Dunedin study found that both high impulsivity and high inhibition in preschoolers was associated with?
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Study Notes
Socio-Emotional Competence
- Components of Emotional Competence: Emotional expression, understanding, and regulation.
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Emotional Expression: Present at birth with basic emotions like interest, distress, and startle response.
- Social smile develops around 3 weeks to 3 months.
- Core-based emotions emerge around 3-4 months.
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More complex emotions develop in preschoolers: Shyness, embarrassment, pride, and guilt.
- Social understanding is evident through these emotions.
- Gestures are used to express emotions and demonstrate empathy.
- Understanding social standards and rules: This is influenced by observing parental reactions, internalizing parental values, and vicarious experience.
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Controlling emotional expression: Ability to hide negative emotions as needed.
- Posing facial expressions: Negative emotions are harder to pose, possibly due to lack of muscular control or socialization to display positive emotions.
- Self-protective expression: Manipulating emotions to fit social situations (e.g., acting polite when receiving a gift).
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Individual differences in emotional expression: Balanced positive and negative emotions, frequency of specific displays, intensity, and speed of onset.
- Stability of emotional displays: Research suggests some stability between 6 weeks to 30 months.
- Factors influencing stability: Possible genetic component, but parental responses are likely a significant influence.
- Emotional Understanding: Involves recognizing one's own emotions, understanding others' emotions, and using emotional vocabulary.
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Emotion Regulation: Strategies used to increase, maintain, or decrease emotional responses.
- Up-regulation: Increasing emotional intensity.
- Down-regulation: Decreasing emotional intensity (requiring understanding of emotions' causes and consequences).
- Biological mechanisms: Reactivity (amygdala) and regulation (prefrontal cortex).
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Developmental Trajectory:
- Infancy: Control of attention and self-soothing.
- Toddlerhood: Effortful control – managing thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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Importance of emotion regulation: Learning to fit into social environments ("emotional intelligence").
- Under-regulation: Potential for behavioral problems like conduct disorders, oppositional defiance, and aggression.
- Over-regulation: Potential for internalizing problems like anxiety and fear.
Temperament
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Definition: Individual differences in behavior rooted in biology, relatively independent of learning.
- Early emergence and stability are characteristic features.
- Early stages of personality development.
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Defined by three qualities:
- Reactivity: Physiological responses to stimuli.
- Self-regulation: Ability to control impulses and emotions.
- Sociability: Social interactions and preferences.
- Importance of temperament: Influences development, attachment, and parental responsiveness.
Historical Background of Temperament
- Ancient civilizations: Humors (Galen) linked to personality traits.
- Chinese tradition: Yin and yang.
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1920s-1950s: Environmental determinism dominated:
- Watson: Behaviorism.
- Freud: Psychoanalytic (parent blaming).
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Thomas & Chess (1950s):
- Goodness of fit: Child's temperament should match their environment.
- Evocative gene-environment correlations: Child's temperament influences responses from others.
Infant Temperament
- Individual differences: Affect, activity, and attention.
- Biological mechanisms: Measured through cortisol levels, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex activation.
- Primate and social mammal presence: Suggests a biological basis.
- Early emergence: First few years of life.
- Relative enduring and predictive: Temperament can predict future outcomes.
Arguments for the Influence of Temperament
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Good parenting: Doesn't always guarantee similar outcomes.
- No consistent pattern: Lack of clear connection between parent behavior and specific child problems.
Why Focus on the Child?
- Individual differences: Understanding and responding to a child's unique traits.
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Infancy: Parents should observe:
- Regularity of biological functions.
- Motor activity.
- Intensity of emotions.
- Reactions to novelty.
### Classifying Temperament
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Dimensions of Temperament (Thomas & Chess): Nine characteristics associated with personality, reactivity, and self-regulation.
- Activity level.
- Rhythmicity: Regularity of biological functions.
- Approach/withdrawal: Reactions to new stimuli.
- Adaptability: Adjusting to change.
- Threshold of responsiveness: Sensitivity to stimulation.
- Intensity: Strength of emotional reactions.
- Quality of mood: Baseline emotional state.
- Distractibility: Ability to shift focus.
- Attention span and persistence.
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Temperament Patterns (4):
- Easy child: (40%) Regularity, positive approach, high adaptability, predominantly positive mood.
- Slow to warm up child: (15%) Inactivity, mild reactions, slow adaptability after repeated exposure.
- Difficult child: (10%) Irregularity, withdrawal, intense negative moods, distress in new situations.
- Difficult to classify: Children who don't fit neatly into any category.
Parenting and Temperament
- Temperament influences parents: Lifestyle, parenting approach, and self-efficacy.
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Nature vs. Nurture:
- Nature: Genetics (twin studies).
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Nurture: Pre and postnatal environments:
- Prenatal environment: Teratogens, stress exposure.
- Birth experiences: Anoxia, birth order.
- Caregiving: Soothing effectiveness.
- Cultural background.
Stability of Temperament
- Moderate stability: Correlation between .7 and .8, with some minor changes.
- Agreement: Parents agree most of the time, with moderate agreement between parents and teachers.
- Heritability: Estimated at .5 to .6 for temperament stability.
- Reciprocal influence: Both parenting and temperament influence each other.
"Third Variables": Moderators
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Moderator: Influence the strength of the relationship between temperament and parenting.
- Age: Parental responsiveness may change with the child's age.
- Gender: Acceptance levels of different temperaments vary by gender.
- Parent characteristics: Mental health, personality.
- Goodness of fit: Match/mismatch between parent and child temperament.
- Social and cultural factors.
Assessing Temperament
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Methodological Challenges:
- Parental ratings: Potential for bias and inaccurate perspectives.
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Mixed methods are needed for comprehensive assessment:
- Observations.
- Physiological measures.
- Laboratory Assessment of Temperament (Lab-TAB): Measures effortful control.
Laboratory Assessment of Temperament (Lab-TAB)
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Effortful control: Higher-order self-regulatory process.
- Links: Attention regulation, social competence, learning, and school readiness.
- Regulating: Negative affect and temperament reactivity.
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Effortful Control Tasks:
- Hot tasks: Ability to delay gratification (linked to emotion regulation and externalizing problems).
- Cool tasks: Inhibiting dominant responses (predicting academic performance, persistence, and attention regulation).
Assessing Longer Term Outcomes of Temperament
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Longitudinal Study Results:
- New York Longitudinal Study (Thomas & Chess): Few significant correlations between temperament attributes and adult outcomes, except for difficult temperaments predicting behavior problems.
- Australian Temperament Project: Three generations studied; investigated temperament's influence on various outcomes.
- Dunedin Study: Under-control and impulsivity in preschoolers linked to negative adult outcomes.
- Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC): Temperament in preschoolers was connected to psychopathology in later childhood.
Considerations for Correlations
- Evocative gene-environment correlations: Child elicits reactions that shape their environment.
- Active gene-environment correlations: Child chooses environments aligned with their temperament.
- Self-fulfilling prophecies: Parental perception of "difficult" children can influence their behavior.
- Differential susceptibility: Children are more vulnerable to both positive and negative environments based on their temperament.
Applications: Temperament as a Protective or Risk Factor
- Reciprocal influence: Temperament and parenting impact each other.
- Environmental interaction: Temperament interacts with the environment.
- Protective factors: "Easy" temperaments can promote positive interactions.
- Risk factors: Inhibition may lead to parental overprotectiveness and potential anxiety disorders.
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Clinical implications:
- Individuality: Treat each child uniquely.
- Response to cues: Identify and respond to a child's specific needs.
- Differential susceptibility: Provide additional support for parents of more challenging temperaments.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the components and development of socio-emotional competence, including emotional expression and regulation in children. This quiz covers various emotions, social understanding, and how emotional expression evolves from infancy to preschool age.
