Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, limited government, and representative democracy. Liberals believed in protecting individual freedoms from government interference and advocated for a system of checks and balances.

The right of every citizen to vote, regardless of their social status or property ownership.

A political ideology that advocates for radical changes to existing social and political structures. Radicals often supported the rights of working-class people and challenged the power of elites.

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, stability, and maintaining existing social structures. Conservatives generally resist rapid change and believe in gradual progress based on tried and tested methods.

The belief held by liberals that only men of property should have the right to vote.

A political ideology that emphasizes the authority of the state and the importance of national unity. Often associated with strong central governments and a focus on national interests.

The movement advocating for women's right to vote. Suffragettes campaigned for equal political rights for women.

A system of government where the ruler has absolute power and is not subject to any checks or balances.

In Russia, the Tsar was the autocratic ruler, he had absolute power and was not subject to any parliament or limitations.

A group of people who advocate for modernizing Islam and adapting it to modern times.

A period of rapid change, characterized by the rise of new industries, cities, and improved transportation. Led to significant social and economic transformations.

Those who believed in individual effort, labor, and enterprise. They often favored policies that encouraged economic growth and believed in the benefits of a healthy and educated workforce.

The challenges and opportunities brought about by the Industrial Revolution, such as new cities, industrial regions, and increased factory work.

A movement advocating for women's right to vote. Suffragettes campaigned for equal political rights for women.

The problems faced by people during the Industrial Revolution, including long working hours, poor wages, unemployment, and inadequate housing and sanitation.

A system of government where the state controls the economy and production. Resources are owned collectively, and decisions about production and distribution are made by a central planning authority.

The Bolsheviks nationalized industries and major banks. They allowed peasants to work the land that had been seized, but they also used confiscated land to push for collective farms.

A plan for the long-term development of the economy. It sets targets for production, investment, and other key economic indicators.

The government set all prices to stimulate industrial growth, particularly during the first two Five-Year Plans.

A system where members live and work together, sharing resources and income. It emphasizes cooperation and communal decision-making.

A state of extreme hardship and deprivation, particularly in terms of food availability, that was prevalent in Petrograd's working-class districts during the winter of 1917.

The physical separation of Petrograd's population, with workers and factories on the right bank of the Neva River and wealthier residents and government buildings on the left bank, highlighted the social divisions that underpinned the February Revolution.

The International Women's Day strike, which began as a protest against workplace conditions and food shortages, rapidly escalated into a broader demonstration against the Tsarist regime, signifying the significant role women played in the February Revolution.

The Petrograd Soviet, a council established by striking workers and mutinous soldiers, represented a new form of political authority that emerged during the February Revolution, challenging the authority of the Tsar and the existing government.

The refusal of the Tsarist cavalry to fire on the protestors during the February Revolution signaled a crucial turning point, highlighting the military's loss of loyalty to the Tsar and its willingness to side with the revolutionaries.

The February Revolution, which began as a demonstration against food shortages and poor working conditions, escalated into a widespread uprising against the Tsarist regime, ultimately leading to the Tsar's abdication and the establishment of a provisional government.

The government's decision to suspend the Duma, a representative body, during the February Revolution fueled public outrage and further escalated tensions, demonstrating the Tsar's unwillingness to engage in meaningful political reform.

The government's repeated attempts to quell the protests using military force proved ineffective, as the loyalty of the military had been undermined by the revolutionaries, ultimately contributing to the Tsar's downfall.

The February Revolution, a series of mass protests and uprisings, marked a pivotal moment in Russian history, weakening the Tsarist regime and paving the way for the establishment of a provisional government.

The layout of Petrograd, with its clear division between the working-class districts and the affluent areas occupied by the government and elite, symbolized the existing social and economic inequalities that were a key driving force behind the February Revolution.