Socialism and the Russian Revolution

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the commune described in Box 5?

  • The commune consisted of thirteen families
  • The commune members ate in a communal dining hall
  • The commune was set up using two confiscated farms
  • The commune members were required to pay rent for their dwellings (correct)

What did the servants in Box 4 tell the cows and horses?

  • To stay away from the house
  • To be quiet and stay inside their stalls
  • Not to bother the people (correct)
  • To eat only from the designated areas.

Which of the following figures is NOT mentioned as someone who was influenced by the Russian Revolution?

  • Rabindranath Tagore
  • Jawaharlal Nehru
  • Joseph Stalin (correct)
  • R.S.Avasthi

What is the main theme of the text in Box 4?

<p>The impact of the Russian Revolution on the lives of ordinary people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the attitude of the narrator in Box 4 towards the rumours about the return of the estate?

<p>He is uncertain and apprehensive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the "cooperative communism" described in Box 5 and the earlier socialist debates in Russia?

<p>The earlier debates focused on theory, while Box 5 describes a practical implementation of socialism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurred AFTER the formation of the Comintern?

<p>The Beginning of Collectivisation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the impact of the Russian Revolution on India?

<p>It had a significant impact on India, inspiring the formation of the Communist Party and influencing key political figures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups opposed the Bolshevik uprising in 1917?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Russian army after the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution in 1917?

<p>The army began to break up due to desertions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups fought against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1918-1919)?

<p>Greens and Whites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries supported the anti-Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War?

<p>France, America, Britain, and Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Bolsheviks' success in the Russian Civil War?

<p>Their cooperation with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tragic event occurred in Khiva, Central Asia, during the Russian Civil War?

<p>A brutal massacre of local nationalists by Bolshevik colonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks attempt to address the confusion surrounding their government after the Civil War?

<p>They granted political autonomy to most non-Russian nationalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic policy did the Bolsheviks implement during the Russian Civil War?

<p>Nationalization of industries and banks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Bolsheviks' Five Year Plans?

<p>To achieve rapid industrialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the shortage of grain in Soviet Russia in the late 1920s?

<p>The Bolsheviks' policies of forcibly collecting grain from peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Stalin believe was the cause of the grain shortages and speculation in the countryside in the late 1920s?

<p>The hoarding of grain by rich peasants and traders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Stalin's collectivization program?

<p>To establish large, state-controlled farms to increase agricultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did peasants resist Stalin's collectivization program?

<p>They destroyed their livestock and resisted authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument of peasants who resisted collectivization?

<p>They did not want to work in collective farms for various reasons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the secret police, known as the Cheka, OGPU, and NKVD, under the Bolshevik regime?

<p>To punish those who criticized the Bolsheviks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did many young writers and artists initially respond to the Bolshevik revolution?

<p>They rallied to the Party because it stood for socialism and change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of European society before the 18th century?

<p>It was based on a system of estates and orders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in the late 18th century sparked discussions about societal change?

<p>The French Revolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key belief held by liberals in the 19th century?

<p>They promoted religious tolerance and individual rights against government overreach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups believed in a gradual transformation of society?

<p>Liberals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the Russian Revolution?

<p>To bring about a radical transformation of society based on socialist principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a term used to describe those who supported preserving the existing social order?

<p>Conservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider when interpreting political terms like 'liberal' and 'conservative'?

<p>The historical context and specific time period they were used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant takeaway from the Russian Revolution in terms of its impact on societal change?

<p>It revealed that socialism became a powerful ideology in shaping global society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who believed that only men of property should have the right to vote?

<p>Liberals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key belief of radicals regarding government?

<p>All citizens should have equal voting rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily opposed to both liberals and radicals?

<p>Conservatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did socialists believe was the primary issue stemming from private property?

<p>It promoted individual gain over collective welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major goal of the cooperative movement advocated by some socialists?

<p>Create associations producing goods collectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Marx argue was the basis of exploitation in capitalist societies?

<p>The ownership of factories by capitalists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the mid-nineteenth century, socialism became recognized for promoting what?

<p>Collective control over property. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who sought to build a cooperative community known as New Harmony?

<p>Robert Owen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did conservatives believe about the process of change after the French Revolution?

<p>Change was unavoidable but should be gradual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Second International's purpose?

<p>To coordinate efforts among socialists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social problem associated with industrialization?

<p>Poor working conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a belief of radicals?

<p>Support for private property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general attitude of conservatives towards change in the eighteenth century?

<p>They were generally opposed to change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern of liberals regarding social issues during industrialization?

<p>Welfare of the workforce and education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the bad harvests between 1930-1933?

<p>Devastating famine leading to over 4 million deaths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Stalin and his supporters accuse critics of industrial production confusion of?

<p>Conspiracy against socialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1939, how many people were reported to be in prisons or labor camps?

<p>Over 2 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did socialist parties in Europe react to the Bolshevik seizure of power?

<p>They didn't approve of the Bolsheviks' methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of the USSR’s influence by the time of the Second World War?

<p>Establishment of various communist parties worldwide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks encourage colonial peoples to do?

<p>Follow their revolutionary experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant acknowledgment occurred within the USSR by the 1950s?

<p>The style of government did not align with original revolutionary ideals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter from the 13-year-old worker indicate about childhood in the Soviet Union during the 1930s?

<p>Many children were forced to work instead of study due to poverty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Kirgiz initially react to the February Revolution?

<p>They welcomed it with joy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was M.N. Roy's observation about the October Revolution among the Kirgiz?

<p>They experienced terror and violence because of it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common method used for propaganda according to Alexander Shlyapnikov?

<p>Individual basis in workplaces and illegal meetings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did many Soviet citizens face by the end of the twentieth century regarding socialism?

<p>A recognition of the need to rethink socialist ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of society did the USSR develop into by the 1950s, despite its growth?

<p>A repressive regime denying essential freedoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group was particularly affected by the repressive policies of the Soviet regime?

<p>Talented professionals and critics of the regime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main reasons for the mass insurrections of the peasantry in Ukraine?

<p>Return of collectivised stocks of grain, livestock, and tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence faced by peasants who resisted collectivisation in Ukraine?

<p>They were arrested and exiled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the letter from Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev reveal about the impacts of heavy taxation?

<p>It led to the sale of his property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Shaukat Usmani observe about the social dynamics in Soviet Russia?

<p>People interacted without regard for caste or religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rabindranath Tagore's impression of Moscow in 1930?

<p>It appeared less clean compared to other capitals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event took place during the Women's Day celebrations at the Lorenz telephone factory?

<p>Marfa Vasileva initiated a strike (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the peasants react to the news of the October Revolution in 1917?

<p>They celebrated it as an opportunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the estate owner during the October Revolution?

<p>He remained calm and cooperative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception did some people have regarding the collectivisation process?

<p>Collectivisation was enthusiastically accepted by all peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the increased taxing policies indicate for independent farmers in the 1930s?

<p>It led to loss of personal property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society did Usmani admire during his visit to Soviet Russia?

<p>The equality between different ethnic groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event did Marfa Vasileva’s actions lead to at the factory?

<p>A unified strike by workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Tagore think about the transformation in the Soviet population compared to Indian masses?

<p>Soviets showed rapid progress in education and empowerment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were peasants' feelings towards the landowner's manor house described after the October Revolution?

<p>It was welcomed with excitement and looted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the initial reactions of peasants to the news of the revolutionary uprising?

<p>Joy and eagerness for change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lenin's view on party membership in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia?

<p>The party should be disciplined and control its members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiated the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

<p>The dismissal of four members at the Putilov Iron Works. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is commonly referred to as 'Bloody Sunday'?

<p>The attack on peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable consequence of the First World War on Russia?

<p>Over 7 million casualties by 1917. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to widespread unrest in Russian cities by winter 1916?

<p>A decrease in industrial activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Tsar respond to the demands for a constituent assembly during the 1905 Revolution?

<p>He created the Duma but limited its powers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group opposed Lenin's ideas on party membership?

<p>Mensheviks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of the February Revolution in Petrograd?

<p>Food shortages led to widespread demonstrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the First World War, what was a significant demoralizing factor for Russian soldiers?

<p>A lack of supplies and resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social group played a significant role in the strikes during the February Revolution?

<p>Women workers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change did the Tsar make to the Duma after the 1905 Revolution?

<p>He packed it with conservative politicians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main grievances of the peasants and workers during the 1905 Revolution?

<p>Demand for a constitution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Russian government restrict political activity after 1905?

<p>To maintain control and authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Rasputin play during World War I in Russia?

<p>He destabilized the autocracy with his influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the factory committee's main goal after 1905?

<p>To improve working conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason the cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators?

<p>They sympathized with the demonstrators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the start of the February Revolution in 1917?

<p>The suspension of the Duma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Lenin advocate in his 'April Theses'?

<p>Immediate land reform and peace negotiations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the October Revolution for property ownership?

<p>Private property was completely banned. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks' view of the Constituent Assembly change after October 1917?

<p>They thought it was less democratic than the Congress of Soviets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened after the Bolsheviks conducted elections to the Constituent Assembly in November 1917?

<p>The Assembly was dismissed by Lenin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Military Revolutionary Committee play during the October Revolution?

<p>They organized the socialist seizure of power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first actions taken by the Bolsheviks after seizing power?

<p>Nationalization of major banks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Provisional Government resort to stern measures against the Bolsheviks?

<p>To combat the growing influence of the Bolsheviks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did soldiers and striking workers take in the days following the Duma's suspension?

<p>They established the Petrograd Soviet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led soldiers to mutiny against the Provisional Government?

<p>Poor treatment and lack of supplies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary aim of the revolutionaries demonstrating in February 1917?

<p>To demand better wages and democracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader that returned to Russia in April 1917 and pushed for the Bolshevik agenda?

<p>Vladimir Lenin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups were influential in the Provisional Government after the February Revolution?

<p>Military generals and industrialists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event led to the socialists taking over the government in Russia?

<p>October Revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the primary occupation of the majority of people in the Russian Empire in 1914?

<p>Agriculturists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant characteristic of the industrial workforce in early 20th century Russia?

<p>Workers were divided by skill and background. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary religious affiliation in the Russian Empire in 1914?

<p>Russian Orthodoxy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the views of Russian Social Democrats regarding peasants?

<p>Peasants were not suitable allies for the socialist movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common grievance for workers in the Russian Empire before 1914?

<p>Long working hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the nobility in Russia contributed to peasant discontent?

<p>They had no local connection to the communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the political situation in Russia regarding parties before 1914?

<p>All political parties were illegal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic activity was a major part of the Russian Empire's economy in the early 20th century?

<p>Agricultural exports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of ownership in the industrial sector of the Russian Empire?

<p>Privately owned by industrialists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did peasants in Russia differ from peasants in other European countries?

<p>They pooled their land periodically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the association of workers in Russia before 1914?

<p>They had few associations and limited power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the early 20th century, what was the status of women in the Russian workforce?

<p>They earned less than men for similar work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the divided social groups among Russian workers?

<p>They had complex interactions and sometimes conflict. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the influence of socialists in early 20th century Europe?

<p>They shaped legislation but did not hold government power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Change

Transformations in societal structures and relationships.

Liberalism

A political ideology advocating for individual rights and freedoms.

Conservatism

A political belief emphasizing tradition and gradual change.

Radicalism

A political stance seeking significant, swift societal change.

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Influence of the French Revolution

Stimulated new ideas about rights and societal organization.

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Political Terminology

Words that describe ideologies like conservatives, liberals, and radicals.

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Discrimination by Religion

Favoring one religion over others in governance.

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Power of Dynastic Rulers

Control held by hereditary leaders over governments.

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Representative Government

A system of governance where officials are elected to represent the people's interests.

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Universal Adult Franchise

The right for every adult citizen to vote in elections.

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Conservatives

People who favor traditional institutions and gradual change rather than rapid reform.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that transformed economies and societies in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective ownership of production and property.

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Karl Marx

A philosopher who analyzed capitalism and advocated for a communist society.

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Communism

A political ideology aimed at establishing a classless, stateless society where property is communally owned.

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Cooperatives

Businesses owned and managed by a group of individuals that share in the profits and decision-making.

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Second International

An organization of socialist and labor parties aimed at coordinating international socialist efforts.

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Women's Suffrage

The movement advocating for women’s right to vote.

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Property Ownership

The legal right to possess land or goods; often a key issue in political ideologies.

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Industrial Working Conditions

The labor environment faced by workers in factories, often characterized by long hours and low wages.

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Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes a strong identification with one's nation and culture, often seeking independence or reform.

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Labour Party

Political party formed by socialists and trade unionists in Britain.

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Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Political party in Germany aligned with socialist movements.

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Russian Revolution

The 1917 uprising leading to the fall of the monarchy in Russia.

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Tsar Nicholas II

The last Emperor of Russia who ruled until 1917.

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Russian Empire's population structure

85% were agriculturists, with a small industrial workforce.

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Socialist Revolutionary Party

Party founded to represent peasants and advocate for land redistribution.

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Proportion of factory workers

By the 1900s, factory workers and craftsmen were nearly equal.

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Peasant land pooling

Custom in Russia where peasants periodically pooled and divided land.

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Division among workers

Workers divided by skill levels, pay, and backgrounds.

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Government supervision of factories

The State's role in ensuring minimum wages and work hours.

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Strikes in Russia

Frequent labor actions in the textile and metal industries.

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Social Democratic Workers Party

Founded in 1898 to organize workers under Marxist principles.

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Peasant dissatisfaction

Peasants showed anger towards the nobility and demanded land.

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Concentration of industry

Industries were mostly private, with large factories and workshops.

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Differentiation within peasants

Different classes of peasants complicating a unified movement.

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Bolshevik Party

The only party allowed to participate in the All Russian Congress of Soviets elections, establishing a one-party state.

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Cheka

The secret police organization that enforced Bolshevik power and punished dissenters.

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Civil War

Conflict between the Bolsheviks ('reds') and various opposition groups during 1918-1922 in Russia.

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Five Year Plans

State-directed economic development strategies to boost industrial growth in the Soviet Union.

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Collectivisation

Stalin's policy to consolidate individual peasant farms into collective farms to increase agricultural productivity.

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Kolkhoz

Collective farms established during Stalin's collectivisation, where profits were shared among workers.

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NKVD

The secret police that replaced the Cheka and OGPU, maintained order through fear and repression.

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Stalinism

Political system established by Stalin characterized by dictatorship, collectivization, and rapid industrialization.

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Socialised Land

Land that was collectively owned and managed by the state in Soviet Russia after the revolution.

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Nationalisation

The process of shifting ownership of industries and banks from private to state control.

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Autocracy

A system where one person holds absolute power, as seen in Russia before the Bolshewik Revolution.

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'Kulaks'

Wealthy peasants targeted by Stalin during collectivisation for allegedly hoarding resources.

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Political Autonomy

The granted self-governance to non-Russian nationalities within the USSR.

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Centralised Planning

An economic strategy where the government controls production and distribution of resources and services.

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Censorship

Suppression of ideas, literature, and art by the Bolshevik government to maintain control.

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Communal Dining

A shared dining arrangement where all members of a commune eat together.

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Cooperative Communism

An economic system where income and resources are shared among members.

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Indian Communist Party

A political party in India established in the 1920s inspired by the Russian Revolution.

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Bolshevik Uprising

The October 1917 revolution in Russia leading to the Bolsheviks seizing power.

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Comintern

An international communist organization formed in 1919 to promote world communism.

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Russian Social Democratic Workers Party

A Marxist political party in Russia formed in 1898 advocating for workers' rights.

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Eviction Rumors

Speculations that villagers might reclaim land from committees.

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Soviet Famine 1930-1933

A devastating famine in the USSR that caused over 4 million deaths.

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Planned Economy

An economic system where production and distribution are controlled by the government.

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Political Repression

The act of suppressing dissent and political opposition by the government.

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False Confessions

Involuntary admissions of guilt under duress or torture.

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Bolshevik Influence

The effect of the Bolsheviks' revolution on socialist movements globally.

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Russian Revolution Ideals

The principles of freedom and worker's rights intended by the revolutionaries.

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Kirgiz Reaction to Revolution

Mixed feelings from the Kirgiz people about the Bolshevik Revolution.

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Socialist Education

Programs aimed to educate workers about socialism and the revolution.

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Repressive Policies

Methods used by the Soviet government to maintain control over citizens.

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Decline of USSR Reputation

The diminishing international respect for the USSR as a socialist state by the end of the 20th century.

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Worker's Struggles

Challenges faced by workers amidst socioeconomic changes in the Soviet Union.

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Legal vs. Illegal Meetings

Organized gatherings of workers, sometimes sanctioned, other times forbidden.

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Voices of Innocence

Many imprisoned individuals were wrongly accused and lacked representation.

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Ukrainian Peasant Insurrections

Mass uprisings by peasants in Ukraine against collectivisation in early 1930.

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Government Response

State actions to suppress insurrections, including arrests and executions.

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Arrests during insurrections

Between February and March 1930, 25,000 individuals were arrested in Ukraine.

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Letter from Peasant

A peasant's account of hardships faced due to heavy taxation and property confiscation.

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First Impressions of Soviet Life

A foreigner's observation of equality and camaraderie among Russians.

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Tagore's observations

An enlightened view of the dramatic changes in Russian society post-revolution.

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Women in the February Revolution

Women played a pivotal role in inspiring strikes and protests.

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Date of Russian Revolution

The February Revolution occurred on March 12, 1917, Gregorian calendar.

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Reactions to October Revolution

Peasants celebrated the revolution as a means to land and peace.

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Land Redistribution

Landowners' properties were seized and redistributed among peasants.

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Peaceful Coup

The October Revolution was perceived as calm by those affected.

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Marfa Vasileva

A woman worker who led a successful strike during the February Revolution.

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Revolution's Impact on Society

The revolution brought about significant social changes and empowerment for the masses.

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik party advocating a disciplined membership.

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Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party led by Lenin.

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Mensheviks

Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party opposing the Bolsheviks' approach.

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1905 Revolution

A wave of mass political and social unrest in Russia.

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Bloody Sunday

January 22, 1905 incident where protesting workers were shot.

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Duma

The elected consultative Parliament established in Russia.

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February Revolution

The 1917 uprising that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

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Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria, and Turkey during WWI.

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Russian Front

The eastern front of WWI where Russia faced heavy losses.

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Rasputin

A controversial figure who influenced Tsarina Alexandra.

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Islamic Modernization

Efforts in Muslim areas for social and religious reform.

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Industrial Action

Collective actions by workers to demand better conditions.

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Petrograd

Capital city where food shortages triggered protests in 1917.

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Petrograd Soviet

A council formed by soldiers and workers in Petrograd.

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Provisional Government

A temporary government formed after the Tsar's abdication.

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April Theses

Lenin's demands for peace, land, and nationalisation.

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Soviets

Councils formed to represent workers and soldiers.

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Military Revolutionary Committee

Organised the Bolshevik seizure of power.

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Seizure of Power

The Bolshevik takeover of the Provisional Government.

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Constituent Assembly

An elected body meant to write a new constitution.

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Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Peace treaty between the Bolsheviks and Germany.

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Political Allies

Groups that supported the Bolsheviks in their early days.

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Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Party advocating for radical change.

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Study Notes

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

  • Socialism emerged as a significant political ideology in mid-19th century Europe, opposing private property as the root of social ills. Advocates, like Robert Owen, promoted cooperatives as alternatives. Karl Marx argued for a communist society, where workers overthrow capitalism and control all property.

The Russian Empire in 1914

  • Tsar Nicholas II ruled a vast empire encompassing diverse ethnicities and religions (including Orthodox Christianity, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, and Buddhism).
  • Agriculture dominated the economy, with over 85% of the population engaged in farming.
  • Industrial areas existed in pockets, mainly St. Petersburg and Moscow, although many smaller craft workshops also existed.
  • Industrialization from the 1890s led to increased foreign investment and rapid growth in coal, iron, and steel production.

Russian Society and Economy

  • Workers were a diverse group, with varying levels of skill, settlement patterns, and connections to their villages.
  • Women made up a significant portion of the factory labor force (31% by 1914) but were often paid less than men.
  • Strikes were frequent, showing workers' capacity for collective action.
  • Peasants were largely divided but generally opposed the nobility and desired land redistribution.
  • Land ownership was unequally distributed, with nobles, the crown, and the Orthodox Church holding substantial properties.

Socialism in Russia

  • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, founded in 1898, promoted Marxist ideas.
  • Divisions within the party existed over organizational strategy, including competing viewpoints between Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and Mensheviks.
  • The Socialist Revolutionary Party emerged as a peasant-based socialist group, opposing the perceived injustices faced by peasants under Tsarist rule.

The 1905 Revolution

  • Bloody Sunday, an incident where peaceful protestors were attacked by the police, triggered the 1905 revolution.
  • Widespread strikes, student protests, and middle-class demands for a constituent assembly characterized this period.
  • The Tsar reluctantly created a consultative parliament, the Duma, but limited its power.

World War I and the February Revolution

  • World War I severely impacted Russia, leading to high casualties, industrial disruptions, and food shortages.
  • The February Revolution in 1917, sparked by food shortages and worker strikes, forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate.
  • A Provisional Government was formed, but faced growing opposition, particularly from Bolsheviks and escalating social unrest.

The October Revolution

  • The October Revolution of 1917 brought the Bolsheviks to power.
  • The Bolshevik-led Military Revolutionary Committee led an armed uprising to seize control.
  • The Bolsheviks gained control of Petrograd and gradually extended their influence across Russia, often through armed conflict.

Post-October Revolution

  • The Bolsheviks abolished private property, nationalized industries and banks, and distributed land to peasants.
  • The Bolshevik party, renamed the Russian Communist Party, held elections for a Constituent Assembly but later dismissed it.
  • The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, with Germany, was established to end Russian participation in World War I.
  • The establishment of a one-party state further consolidated the Bolshevik power. This was characterized by the use of secret police (Cheka) for suppression of dissent.

The Russian Civil War

  • The Bolsheviks' power was challenged by both 'green' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'white' (pro-Tsarist) forces during the civil war in 1918-1920.
  • Support for non-Bolshevik forces waned due to harsh treatment of peasants that opposed Bolshevic policies.
  • Bolshevik support from local nationalities and jadidists (reformed Muslims) aided success in controlling the Russian empire.

Centralised Planning and Collectivisation

  • The Bolsheviks implemented a system of centrally planned economy, setting five-year targets for industrial growth.
  • Collectivisation of agriculture resulted in substantial resistance from peasants (kulak).
  • Forced collectivization and confiscation of grain led to severe famine (1930-1933), resulting in widespread death.
  • This period demonstrated the extensive use of state repression, especially against those deemed obstacles to collectivization.

Global Influence of the Russian Revolution

  • The Russian Revolution had a significant impact worldwide, inspiring many in the colonial world and promoting the rise of communist parties in numerous countries.
  • The USSR, established from the Russian Empire, became a powerful global player.

Source Analysis (Summary of Key Points)

  • Provides firsthand accounts, perspectives and opinions of the social, political and economic situations related to the Russian Revolution from various sources.

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