Socialism and the Russian Revolution
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the commune described in Box 5?

  • The commune consisted of thirteen families
  • The commune members ate in a communal dining hall
  • The commune was set up using two confiscated farms
  • The commune members were required to pay rent for their dwellings (correct)

    • What did the servants in Box 4 tell the cows and horses?

  • To stay away from the house
  • To be quiet and stay inside their stalls
  • Not to bother the people (correct)
  • To eat only from the designated areas.

    • Which of the following figures is NOT mentioned as someone who was influenced by the Russian Revolution?

  • Rabindranath Tagore
  • Jawaharlal Nehru
  • Joseph Stalin (correct)
  • R.S.Avasthi

    • What is the main theme of the text in Box 4?

    <p>The impact of the Russian Revolution on the lives of ordinary people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the attitude of the narrator in Box 4 towards the rumours about the return of the estate?

    <p>He is uncertain and apprehensive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between the "cooperative communism" described in Box 5 and the earlier socialist debates in Russia?

    <p>The earlier debates focused on theory, while Box 5 describes a practical implementation of socialism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events occurred AFTER the formation of the Comintern?

    <p>The Beginning of Collectivisation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the impact of the Russian Revolution on India?

    <p>It had a significant impact on India, inspiring the formation of the Communist Party and influencing key political figures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups opposed the Bolshevik uprising in 1917?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the Russian army after the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution in 1917?

    <p>The army began to break up due to desertions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups fought against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1918-1919)?

    <p>Greens and Whites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries supported the anti-Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War?

    <p>France, America, Britain, and Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the Bolsheviks' success in the Russian Civil War?

    <p>Their cooperation with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tragic event occurred in Khiva, Central Asia, during the Russian Civil War?

    <p>A brutal massacre of local nationalists by Bolshevik colonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Bolsheviks attempt to address the confusion surrounding their government after the Civil War?

    <p>They granted political autonomy to most non-Russian nationalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic policy did the Bolsheviks implement during the Russian Civil War?

    <p>Nationalization of industries and banks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the Bolsheviks' Five Year Plans?

    <p>To achieve rapid industrialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the shortage of grain in Soviet Russia in the late 1920s?

    <p>The Bolsheviks' policies of forcibly collecting grain from peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Stalin believe was the cause of the grain shortages and speculation in the countryside in the late 1920s?

    <p>The hoarding of grain by rich peasants and traders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of Stalin's collectivization program?

    <p>To establish large, state-controlled farms to increase agricultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did peasants resist Stalin's collectivization program?

    <p>They destroyed their livestock and resisted authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main argument of peasants who resisted collectivization?

    <p>They did not want to work in collective farms for various reasons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the secret police, known as the Cheka, OGPU, and NKVD, under the Bolshevik regime?

    <p>To punish those who criticized the Bolsheviks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did many young writers and artists initially respond to the Bolshevik revolution?

    <p>They rallied to the Party because it stood for socialism and change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of European society before the 18th century?

    <p>It was based on a system of estates and orders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event in the late 18th century sparked discussions about societal change?

    <p>The French Revolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key belief held by liberals in the 19th century?

    <p>They promoted religious tolerance and individual rights against government overreach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups believed in a gradual transformation of society?

    <p>Liberals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Russian Revolution?

    <p>To bring about a radical transformation of society based on socialist principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a term used to describe those who supported preserving the existing social order?

    <p>Conservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor to consider when interpreting political terms like 'liberal' and 'conservative'?

    <p>The historical context and specific time period they were used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant takeaway from the Russian Revolution in terms of its impact on societal change?

    <p>It revealed that socialism became a powerful ideology in shaping global society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who believed that only men of property should have the right to vote?

    <p>Liberals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key belief of radicals regarding government?

    <p>All citizens should have equal voting rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was primarily opposed to both liberals and radicals?

    <p>Conservatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did socialists believe was the primary issue stemming from private property?

    <p>It promoted individual gain over collective welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major goal of the cooperative movement advocated by some socialists?

    <p>Create associations producing goods collectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marx argue was the basis of exploitation in capitalist societies?

    <p>The ownership of factories by capitalists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the mid-nineteenth century, socialism became recognized for promoting what?

    <p>Collective control over property. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sought to build a cooperative community known as New Harmony?

    <p>Robert Owen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did conservatives believe about the process of change after the French Revolution?

    <p>Change was unavoidable but should be gradual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Second International's purpose?

    <p>To coordinate efforts among socialists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant social problem associated with industrialization?

    <p>Poor working conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a belief of radicals?

    <p>Support for private property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general attitude of conservatives towards change in the eighteenth century?

    <p>They were generally opposed to change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary concern of liberals regarding social issues during industrialization?

    <p>Welfare of the workforce and education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the bad harvests between 1930-1933?

    <p>Devastating famine leading to over 4 million deaths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Stalin and his supporters accuse critics of industrial production confusion of?

    <p>Conspiracy against socialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1939, how many people were reported to be in prisons or labor camps?

    <p>Over 2 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did socialist parties in Europe react to the Bolshevik seizure of power?

    <p>They didn't approve of the Bolsheviks' methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes of the USSR’s influence by the time of the Second World War?

    <p>Establishment of various communist parties worldwide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Bolsheviks encourage colonial peoples to do?

    <p>Follow their revolutionary experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant acknowledgment occurred within the USSR by the 1950s?

    <p>The style of government did not align with original revolutionary ideals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the letter from the 13-year-old worker indicate about childhood in the Soviet Union during the 1930s?

    <p>Many children were forced to work instead of study due to poverty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Kirgiz initially react to the February Revolution?

    <p>They welcomed it with joy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was M.N. Roy's observation about the October Revolution among the Kirgiz?

    <p>They experienced terror and violence because of it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common method used for propaganda according to Alexander Shlyapnikov?

    <p>Individual basis in workplaces and illegal meetings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did many Soviet citizens face by the end of the twentieth century regarding socialism?

    <p>A recognition of the need to rethink socialist ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of society did the USSR develop into by the 1950s, despite its growth?

    <p>A repressive regime denying essential freedoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group was particularly affected by the repressive policies of the Soviet regime?

    <p>Talented professionals and critics of the regime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main reasons for the mass insurrections of the peasantry in Ukraine?

    <p>Return of collectivised stocks of grain, livestock, and tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence faced by peasants who resisted collectivisation in Ukraine?

    <p>They were arrested and exiled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the letter from Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev reveal about the impacts of heavy taxation?

    <p>It led to the sale of his property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Shaukat Usmani observe about the social dynamics in Soviet Russia?

    <p>People interacted without regard for caste or religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rabindranath Tagore's impression of Moscow in 1930?

    <p>It appeared less clean compared to other capitals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant event took place during the Women's Day celebrations at the Lorenz telephone factory?

    <p>Marfa Vasileva initiated a strike (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the peasants react to the news of the October Revolution in 1917?

    <p>They celebrated it as an opportunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the estate owner during the October Revolution?

    <p>He remained calm and cooperative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception did some people have regarding the collectivisation process?

    <p>Collectivisation was enthusiastically accepted by all peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the increased taxing policies indicate for independent farmers in the 1930s?

    <p>It led to loss of personal property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of society did Usmani admire during his visit to Soviet Russia?

    <p>The equality between different ethnic groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event did Marfa Vasileva’s actions lead to at the factory?

    <p>A unified strike by workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tagore think about the transformation in the Soviet population compared to Indian masses?

    <p>Soviets showed rapid progress in education and empowerment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were peasants' feelings towards the landowner's manor house described after the October Revolution?

    <p>It was welcomed with excitement and looted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the initial reactions of peasants to the news of the revolutionary uprising?

    <p>Joy and eagerness for change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Lenin's view on party membership in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia?

    <p>The party should be disciplined and control its members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiated the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

    <p>The dismissal of four members at the Putilov Iron Works. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is commonly referred to as 'Bloody Sunday'?

    <p>The attack on peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable consequence of the First World War on Russia?

    <p>Over 7 million casualties by 1917. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to widespread unrest in Russian cities by winter 1916?

    <p>A decrease in industrial activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Tsar respond to the demands for a constituent assembly during the 1905 Revolution?

    <p>He created the Duma but limited its powers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group opposed Lenin's ideas on party membership?

    <p>Mensheviks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one impact of the February Revolution in Petrograd?

    <p>Food shortages led to widespread demonstrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the First World War, what was a significant demoralizing factor for Russian soldiers?

    <p>A lack of supplies and resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social group played a significant role in the strikes during the February Revolution?

    <p>Women workers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change did the Tsar make to the Duma after the 1905 Revolution?

    <p>He packed it with conservative politicians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main grievances of the peasants and workers during the 1905 Revolution?

    <p>Demand for a constitution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Russian government restrict political activity after 1905?

    <p>To maintain control and authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Rasputin play during World War I in Russia?

    <p>He destabilized the autocracy with his influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the factory committee's main goal after 1905?

    <p>To improve working conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason the cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators?

    <p>They sympathized with the demonstrators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the start of the February Revolution in 1917?

    <p>The suspension of the Duma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did Lenin advocate in his 'April Theses'?

    <p>Immediate land reform and peace negotiations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the October Revolution for property ownership?

    <p>Private property was completely banned. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Bolsheviks' view of the Constituent Assembly change after October 1917?

    <p>They thought it was less democratic than the Congress of Soviets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened after the Bolsheviks conducted elections to the Constituent Assembly in November 1917?

    <p>The Assembly was dismissed by Lenin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Military Revolutionary Committee play during the October Revolution?

    <p>They organized the socialist seizure of power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the first actions taken by the Bolsheviks after seizing power?

    <p>Nationalization of major banks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Provisional Government resort to stern measures against the Bolsheviks?

    <p>To combat the growing influence of the Bolsheviks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did soldiers and striking workers take in the days following the Duma's suspension?

    <p>They established the Petrograd Soviet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led soldiers to mutiny against the Provisional Government?

    <p>Poor treatment and lack of supplies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary aim of the revolutionaries demonstrating in February 1917?

    <p>To demand better wages and democracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the leader that returned to Russia in April 1917 and pushed for the Bolshevik agenda?

    <p>Vladimir Lenin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups were influential in the Provisional Government after the February Revolution?

    <p>Military generals and industrialists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event led to the socialists taking over the government in Russia?

    <p>October Revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the primary occupation of the majority of people in the Russian Empire in 1914?

    <p>Agriculturists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant characteristic of the industrial workforce in early 20th century Russia?

    <p>Workers were divided by skill and background. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary religious affiliation in the Russian Empire in 1914?

    <p>Russian Orthodoxy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the views of Russian Social Democrats regarding peasants?

    <p>Peasants were not suitable allies for the socialist movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common grievance for workers in the Russian Empire before 1914?

    <p>Long working hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the nobility in Russia contributed to peasant discontent?

    <p>They had no local connection to the communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the political situation in Russia regarding parties before 1914?

    <p>All political parties were illegal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic activity was a major part of the Russian Empire's economy in the early 20th century?

    <p>Agricultural exports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of ownership in the industrial sector of the Russian Empire?

    <p>Privately owned by industrialists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did peasants in Russia differ from peasants in other European countries?

    <p>They pooled their land periodically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the association of workers in Russia before 1914?

    <p>They had few associations and limited power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the early 20th century, what was the status of women in the Russian workforce?

    <p>They earned less than men for similar work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the divided social groups among Russian workers?

    <p>They had complex interactions and sometimes conflict. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the influence of socialists in early 20th century Europe?

    <p>They shaped legislation but did not hold government power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Social Change

    Transformations in societal structures and relationships.

    Liberalism

    A political ideology advocating for individual rights and freedoms.

    Conservatism

    A political belief emphasizing tradition and gradual change.

    Radicalism

    A political stance seeking significant, swift societal change.

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    Influence of the French Revolution

    Stimulated new ideas about rights and societal organization.

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    Political Terminology

    Words that describe ideologies like conservatives, liberals, and radicals.

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    Discrimination by Religion

    Favoring one religion over others in governance.

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    Power of Dynastic Rulers

    Control held by hereditary leaders over governments.

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    Representative Government

    A system of governance where officials are elected to represent the people's interests.

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    Universal Adult Franchise

    The right for every adult citizen to vote in elections.

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    Conservatives

    People who favor traditional institutions and gradual change rather than rapid reform.

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    Industrial Revolution

    A period of major industrialization that transformed economies and societies in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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    Socialism

    A political and economic theory advocating for collective ownership of production and property.

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    Karl Marx

    A philosopher who analyzed capitalism and advocated for a communist society.

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    Communism

    A political ideology aimed at establishing a classless, stateless society where property is communally owned.

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    Cooperatives

    Businesses owned and managed by a group of individuals that share in the profits and decision-making.

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    Second International

    An organization of socialist and labor parties aimed at coordinating international socialist efforts.

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    Women's Suffrage

    The movement advocating for women’s right to vote.

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    Property Ownership

    The legal right to possess land or goods; often a key issue in political ideologies.

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    Industrial Working Conditions

    The labor environment faced by workers in factories, often characterized by long hours and low wages.

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    Nationalism

    A political ideology that emphasizes a strong identification with one's nation and culture, often seeking independence or reform.

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    Labour Party

    Political party formed by socialists and trade unionists in Britain.

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    Social Democratic Party (SPD)

    Political party in Germany aligned with socialist movements.

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    Russian Revolution

    The 1917 uprising leading to the fall of the monarchy in Russia.

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    Tsar Nicholas II

    The last Emperor of Russia who ruled until 1917.

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    Russian Empire's population structure

    85% were agriculturists, with a small industrial workforce.

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    Socialist Revolutionary Party

    Party founded to represent peasants and advocate for land redistribution.

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    Proportion of factory workers

    By the 1900s, factory workers and craftsmen were nearly equal.

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    Peasant land pooling

    Custom in Russia where peasants periodically pooled and divided land.

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    Division among workers

    Workers divided by skill levels, pay, and backgrounds.

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    Government supervision of factories

    The State's role in ensuring minimum wages and work hours.

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    Strikes in Russia

    Frequent labor actions in the textile and metal industries.

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    Social Democratic Workers Party

    Founded in 1898 to organize workers under Marxist principles.

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    Peasant dissatisfaction

    Peasants showed anger towards the nobility and demanded land.

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    Concentration of industry

    Industries were mostly private, with large factories and workshops.

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    Differentiation within peasants

    Different classes of peasants complicating a unified movement.

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    Bolshevik Party

    The only party allowed to participate in the All Russian Congress of Soviets elections, establishing a one-party state.

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    Cheka

    The secret police organization that enforced Bolshevik power and punished dissenters.

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    Civil War

    Conflict between the Bolsheviks ('reds') and various opposition groups during 1918-1922 in Russia.

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    Five Year Plans

    State-directed economic development strategies to boost industrial growth in the Soviet Union.

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    Collectivisation

    Stalin's policy to consolidate individual peasant farms into collective farms to increase agricultural productivity.

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    Kolkhoz

    Collective farms established during Stalin's collectivisation, where profits were shared among workers.

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    NKVD

    The secret police that replaced the Cheka and OGPU, maintained order through fear and repression.

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    Stalinism

    Political system established by Stalin characterized by dictatorship, collectivization, and rapid industrialization.

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    Socialised Land

    Land that was collectively owned and managed by the state in Soviet Russia after the revolution.

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    Nationalisation

    The process of shifting ownership of industries and banks from private to state control.

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    Autocracy

    A system where one person holds absolute power, as seen in Russia before the Bolshewik Revolution.

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    'Kulaks'

    Wealthy peasants targeted by Stalin during collectivisation for allegedly hoarding resources.

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    Political Autonomy

    The granted self-governance to non-Russian nationalities within the USSR.

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    Centralised Planning

    An economic strategy where the government controls production and distribution of resources and services.

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    Censorship

    Suppression of ideas, literature, and art by the Bolshevik government to maintain control.

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    Communal Dining

    A shared dining arrangement where all members of a commune eat together.

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    Cooperative Communism

    An economic system where income and resources are shared among members.

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    Indian Communist Party

    A political party in India established in the 1920s inspired by the Russian Revolution.

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    Bolshevik Uprising

    The October 1917 revolution in Russia leading to the Bolsheviks seizing power.

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    Comintern

    An international communist organization formed in 1919 to promote world communism.

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    Russian Social Democratic Workers Party

    A Marxist political party in Russia formed in 1898 advocating for workers' rights.

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    Eviction Rumors

    Speculations that villagers might reclaim land from committees.

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    Soviet Famine 1930-1933

    A devastating famine in the USSR that caused over 4 million deaths.

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    Planned Economy

    An economic system where production and distribution are controlled by the government.

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    Political Repression

    The act of suppressing dissent and political opposition by the government.

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    False Confessions

    Involuntary admissions of guilt under duress or torture.

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    Bolshevik Influence

    The effect of the Bolsheviks' revolution on socialist movements globally.

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    Russian Revolution Ideals

    The principles of freedom and worker's rights intended by the revolutionaries.

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    Kirgiz Reaction to Revolution

    Mixed feelings from the Kirgiz people about the Bolshevik Revolution.

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    Socialist Education

    Programs aimed to educate workers about socialism and the revolution.

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    Repressive Policies

    Methods used by the Soviet government to maintain control over citizens.

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    Decline of USSR Reputation

    The diminishing international respect for the USSR as a socialist state by the end of the 20th century.

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    Worker's Struggles

    Challenges faced by workers amidst socioeconomic changes in the Soviet Union.

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    Legal vs. Illegal Meetings

    Organized gatherings of workers, sometimes sanctioned, other times forbidden.

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    Voices of Innocence

    Many imprisoned individuals were wrongly accused and lacked representation.

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    Ukrainian Peasant Insurrections

    Mass uprisings by peasants in Ukraine against collectivisation in early 1930.

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    Government Response

    State actions to suppress insurrections, including arrests and executions.

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    Arrests during insurrections

    Between February and March 1930, 25,000 individuals were arrested in Ukraine.

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    Letter from Peasant

    A peasant's account of hardships faced due to heavy taxation and property confiscation.

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    First Impressions of Soviet Life

    A foreigner's observation of equality and camaraderie among Russians.

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    Tagore's observations

    An enlightened view of the dramatic changes in Russian society post-revolution.

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    Women in the February Revolution

    Women played a pivotal role in inspiring strikes and protests.

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    Date of Russian Revolution

    The February Revolution occurred on March 12, 1917, Gregorian calendar.

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    Reactions to October Revolution

    Peasants celebrated the revolution as a means to land and peace.

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    Land Redistribution

    Landowners' properties were seized and redistributed among peasants.

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    Peaceful Coup

    The October Revolution was perceived as calm by those affected.

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    Marfa Vasileva

    A woman worker who led a successful strike during the February Revolution.

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    Revolution's Impact on Society

    The revolution brought about significant social changes and empowerment for the masses.

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    Vladimir Lenin

    Leader of the Bolshevik party advocating a disciplined membership.

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    Bolsheviks

    A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party led by Lenin.

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    Mensheviks

    Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party opposing the Bolsheviks' approach.

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    1905 Revolution

    A wave of mass political and social unrest in Russia.

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    Bloody Sunday

    January 22, 1905 incident where protesting workers were shot.

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    Duma

    The elected consultative Parliament established in Russia.

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    February Revolution

    The 1917 uprising that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

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    Central Powers

    The alliance of Germany, Austria, and Turkey during WWI.

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    Russian Front

    The eastern front of WWI where Russia faced heavy losses.

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    Rasputin

    A controversial figure who influenced Tsarina Alexandra.

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    Islamic Modernization

    Efforts in Muslim areas for social and religious reform.

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    Industrial Action

    Collective actions by workers to demand better conditions.

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    Petrograd

    Capital city where food shortages triggered protests in 1917.

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    Petrograd Soviet

    A council formed by soldiers and workers in Petrograd.

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    Provisional Government

    A temporary government formed after the Tsar's abdication.

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    April Theses

    Lenin's demands for peace, land, and nationalisation.

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    Soviets

    Councils formed to represent workers and soldiers.

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    Military Revolutionary Committee

    Organised the Bolshevik seizure of power.

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    Seizure of Power

    The Bolshevik takeover of the Provisional Government.

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    Constituent Assembly

    An elected body meant to write a new constitution.

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    Brest-Litovsk Treaty

    Peace treaty between the Bolsheviks and Germany.

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    Political Allies

    Groups that supported the Bolsheviks in their early days.

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    Lenin

    Leader of the Bolshevik Party advocating for radical change.

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    Study Notes

    Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

    • Socialism emerged as a significant political ideology in mid-19th century Europe, opposing private property as the root of social ills. Advocates, like Robert Owen, promoted cooperatives as alternatives. Karl Marx argued for a communist society, where workers overthrow capitalism and control all property.

    The Russian Empire in 1914

    • Tsar Nicholas II ruled a vast empire encompassing diverse ethnicities and religions (including Orthodox Christianity, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, and Buddhism).
    • Agriculture dominated the economy, with over 85% of the population engaged in farming.
    • Industrial areas existed in pockets, mainly St. Petersburg and Moscow, although many smaller craft workshops also existed.
    • Industrialization from the 1890s led to increased foreign investment and rapid growth in coal, iron, and steel production.

    Russian Society and Economy

    • Workers were a diverse group, with varying levels of skill, settlement patterns, and connections to their villages.
    • Women made up a significant portion of the factory labor force (31% by 1914) but were often paid less than men.
    • Strikes were frequent, showing workers' capacity for collective action.
    • Peasants were largely divided but generally opposed the nobility and desired land redistribution.
    • Land ownership was unequally distributed, with nobles, the crown, and the Orthodox Church holding substantial properties.

    Socialism in Russia

    • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, founded in 1898, promoted Marxist ideas.
    • Divisions within the party existed over organizational strategy, including competing viewpoints between Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and Mensheviks.
    • The Socialist Revolutionary Party emerged as a peasant-based socialist group, opposing the perceived injustices faced by peasants under Tsarist rule.

    The 1905 Revolution

    • Bloody Sunday, an incident where peaceful protestors were attacked by the police, triggered the 1905 revolution.
    • Widespread strikes, student protests, and middle-class demands for a constituent assembly characterized this period.
    • The Tsar reluctantly created a consultative parliament, the Duma, but limited its power.

    World War I and the February Revolution

    • World War I severely impacted Russia, leading to high casualties, industrial disruptions, and food shortages.
    • The February Revolution in 1917, sparked by food shortages and worker strikes, forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate.
    • A Provisional Government was formed, but faced growing opposition, particularly from Bolsheviks and escalating social unrest.

    The October Revolution

    • The October Revolution of 1917 brought the Bolsheviks to power.
    • The Bolshevik-led Military Revolutionary Committee led an armed uprising to seize control.
    • The Bolsheviks gained control of Petrograd and gradually extended their influence across Russia, often through armed conflict.

    Post-October Revolution

    • The Bolsheviks abolished private property, nationalized industries and banks, and distributed land to peasants.
    • The Bolshevik party, renamed the Russian Communist Party, held elections for a Constituent Assembly but later dismissed it.
    • The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, with Germany, was established to end Russian participation in World War I.
    • The establishment of a one-party state further consolidated the Bolshevik power. This was characterized by the use of secret police (Cheka) for suppression of dissent.

    The Russian Civil War

    • The Bolsheviks' power was challenged by both 'green' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'white' (pro-Tsarist) forces during the civil war in 1918-1920.
    • Support for non-Bolshevik forces waned due to harsh treatment of peasants that opposed Bolshevic policies.
    • Bolshevik support from local nationalities and jadidists (reformed Muslims) aided success in controlling the Russian empire.

    Centralised Planning and Collectivisation

    • The Bolsheviks implemented a system of centrally planned economy, setting five-year targets for industrial growth.
    • Collectivisation of agriculture resulted in substantial resistance from peasants (kulak).
    • Forced collectivization and confiscation of grain led to severe famine (1930-1933), resulting in widespread death.
    • This period demonstrated the extensive use of state repression, especially against those deemed obstacles to collectivization.

    Global Influence of the Russian Revolution

    • The Russian Revolution had a significant impact worldwide, inspiring many in the colonial world and promoting the rise of communist parties in numerous countries.
    • The USSR, established from the Russian Empire, became a powerful global player.

    Source Analysis (Summary of Key Points)

    • Provides firsthand accounts, perspectives and opinions of the social, political and economic situations related to the Russian Revolution from various sources.

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    Description

    Explore the rise of socialism in 19th century Europe and its impact on the Russian Revolution. This quiz covers key figures, economic conditions, and societal changes leading up to 1914. Test your knowledge on this transformative period in history.

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