Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

A political party in Russia that advocated for socialist ideals, founded in 1898, based on Marx's ideas.

The practice of Russian peasants pooling and dividing land periodically based on family needs.

The Russian government's strict control over political parties before 1914, prohibiting any form of organized opposition.

A clandestine organization operating under strict government surveillance, using covert methods to achieve its goals.

The act of bringing together workers to demand better working conditions and improved rights.

A planned and coordinated refusal by workers to perform their duties, demanding concessions from their employers.

The belief that Russian peasant land division practices naturally aligned with socialist principles of shared resources and community ownership.

The Russian Civil War was a brutal conflict that followed the 1917 Russian Revolution. Different factions, including Bolsheviks, anti-Bolshevik socialists, liberals, and Tsarist supporters, fought for control of Russia.

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, aimed to establish a communist state in Russia. They gained support by promising land redistribution to peasants and workers.

The anti-Bolshevik forces, known as the 'Whites,' were a diverse group who opposed the Bolshevik revolution. They included socialists, liberals, and supporters of the Tsar. They were opposed to the Bolsheviks' socialist agenda.

The Russian Civil War involved various foreign powers who intervened to support different factions. This included the French, Americans, British, and Japanese, who sought to prevent the spread of Bolshevism.

The Bolsheviks' promise of land redistribution led many soldiers in the Russian army to desert and return home to claim land. This weakened the Tsarist regime's military.

The 'Greens' were a faction of Socialist Revolutionaries who fought against both the 'Whites' and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. They sought a different type of socialist revolution.

The Russian Civil War was marked by widespread violence, looting, and banditry. This was intensified by the involvement of foreign powers and the struggle for control of the country.

The Bolsheviks, despite facing strong opposition and foreign intervention, ultimately gained control of most of the former Russian empire by 1920. This victory solidified the communist regime in Russia.

The Bolsheviks' harsh measures and the harsh treatment of peasants by the 'Whites' resulted in widespread famine. This further weakened the support for anti-Bolshevik forces.

Bolsheviks seized control of Russia in 1917, leading to the establishment of a socialist government. The period following the revolution saw widespread violence, confiscation of land and property, and the implementation of central planning by the Bolshevik government.

The Bolsheviks controlled the means of production, such as factories and industries, under the control of the state to eliminate private ownership. This system aimed to redistribute wealth and provide resources for the working class.

The Bolshevik government allowed peasants to farm land that was previously owned by wealthy landowners. This was a strategic move to gain some support from the peasantry and ensure food production.

The Bolsheviks showcased the potential of collective work by organizing farms where land and resources were shared among the workers for the benefit of everyone.

A system where the government sets production goals for key industries and resources over a specified period, often five years. It aims to direct economic development and achieve specific social goals.

Developed under the centralized planning system, these plans outline economic goals for specific timeframes. The first two plans focused on rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.

The Bolshevik government fixed prices of goods and services to promote industrial growth during the early Five-Year Plans. This aimed to reduce the cost of production and boost economic development.

The Bolshevik government established collective farms by merging individual plots of land and resources. This aimed to increase agricultural production and control over the countryside.

This concept refers to the collective ownership of resources, production, and distribution within a society. It challenges the traditional capitalist system and encourages cooperation, equality, and shared benefits.

The Bolsheviks, following communist ideology, aimed to create a society where the means of production were owned and controlled by the state, and the benefits were distributed equally among all citizens.

The government established fixed prices for grain, but peasants refused to sell their produce at these prices, causing a shortage of grain supplies in cities.

A term used to describe wealthy peasants in Soviet Russia.

A period of drastic change in Soviet agriculture, where private farms were forcibly merged into collective farms.

The government's forceful approach to acquiring grain from peasants, often with confiscation or violence.

A term used to describe the economic system implemented in Soviet Russia, aiming for centralized planning and control of the economy.

The belief that wealthy peasants (Kulaks) were hoarding grain in hopes of higher prices.

The period in Soviet Russia when Joseph Stalin became the leader of the Communist Party after Lenin's death.

The political party that ruled Soviet Russia, advocating for communist ideology.

The severe consequences of forced collectivisation, including famine, loss of lives, and economic hardship in the Soviet countryside.

The act of the Communist Party in the 1920s and 1930s, seeking to solidify its control over agriculture and eliminate private landownership.

A state-controlled agricultural system implemented in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, where peasants were forced to join collective farms owned by the state, with land and tools transferred to collective ownership.

Large-scale farms owned and operated by the state in the Soviet Union during collectivization, where peasants worked for a share of the profits.

The resistance of Soviet peasants against the collectivization program, resulting in a decline in cattle stock and a period of mass famine during the 1930s.

The devastating famine striking the Soviet Union between 1930 and 1933, blamed on poor harvests and the government's policies during collectivization, resulting in millions of deaths.