Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason for collectivising farms during Stalin's regime?

The primary reason was to modernise agriculture and increase grain production by eliminating small-sized holdings.

What happened to the kulaks during the collectivisation process?

The kulaks were targeted for elimination, and many lost their land as part of the collectivisation programme.

How did the peasants respond to collectivisation?

Many peasants resisted collectivisation by destroying their livestock and protesting against the authorities.

What was the impact of collectivisation on livestock between 1929 and 1931?

<p>The number of cattle fell by one-third due to widespread destruction by resistant peasants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences of the bad harvests from 1930 to 1933?

<p>The bad harvests led to a devastating famine that resulted in the deaths of over 4 million people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Russian peasants manage their land according to the needs of individual families?

<p>They pooled their land together periodically and divided it according to the needs of individual families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of political parties in Russia before 1914?

<p>All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party founded?

<p>The party was founded in 1898.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party face?

<p>It had to operate as an illegal organization due to government policing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notion did some Russian socialists have about peasants regarding socialism?

<p>They believed that the custom of dividing land periodically made peasants natural socialists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methods did members of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party use to mobilize workers?

<p>They set up a newspaper, mobilized workers, and organized strikes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did workers hold meetings in an organized way despite the illegal status?

<p>Meetings were arranged on the spur of the moment but in organized locations like stairs or doorways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 13-year-old worker express a desire to do despite his circumstances?

<p>He wanted to study very much.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the children's father in the letter?

<p>He died fighting for the worker's cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the child unable to attend school?

<p>He had to work in a factory to prevent his family from starving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem were Soviet towns facing by 1927-1928?

<p>They were facing an acute problem of grain supplies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the attitude of peasants towards the grain prices set by the government?

<p>The peasants refused to sell their grain at these prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Stalin take regarding grain supplies?

<p>He introduced firm emergency measures to stop speculation and confiscate supplies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Party members play in grain production areas during this period?

<p>They supervised enforced grain collections and raided kulaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the well-to-do peasants that Stalin and the Party targeted?

<p>'Kulaks'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lenin emphasize that the child wanted to follow?

<p>The task of studying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the child's situation regarding family support?

<p>He had no relatives to help his family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks' land redistribution affect the Russian army?

<p>The land redistribution led many soldiers, mostly peasants, to desert the army in order to return home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of non-Bolshevik socialists and liberals to the Bolshevik uprising?

<p>They condemned the uprising and organized troops to fight against the Bolsheviks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two groups that controlled most of the Russian empire during 1918 and 1919.

<p>The 'greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'whites' (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who supported the 'whites' during the civil war?

<p>The 'whites' received support from French, American, British, and Japanese troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal issues became prevalent during the civil war?

<p>Looting, banditry, and famine became common during the civil war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures did supporters of private property among the 'whites' take against peasants?

<p>They took harsh steps against peasants who had seized land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By January 1920, which faction controlled most of the former Russian empire?

<p>The Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire by January 1920.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a driving factor for peasants to desert the army?

<p>The desire for land redistribution was a driving factor for peasants to desert the army.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the actions of the 'whites' affect their support from the peasants?

<p>The harsh actions of the 'whites' led to a significant decline in their support among the peasants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Kirghiz feel about the first and second revolutions?

<p>The Kirghiz welcomed the first revolution with joy and the second with consternation and terror.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the February Revolution on the Kirghiz people's expectations?

<p>It freed them from Tsarist oppression and strengthened their hope for autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the reaction of the Kirghiz to the October Revolution.

<p>They experienced consternation and terror due to violence and the establishment of dictatorial power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic strategies did the Bolsheviks employ during the civil war?

<p>They nationalized industries and banks and allowed peasants to cultivate socialized land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of centralised planning as introduced by the Bolsheviks.

<p>Centralised planning involved assessing the economy to set targets for a five-year period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were prices managed during the first two Five Year Plans?

<p>The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the organizational structure of the commune set up in the Ukraine?

<p>The commune consisted of thirteen families with a total of seventy persons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle governed the income distribution within the Ukrainian commune?

<p>Income was divided according to the principles of 'cooperative communism.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks demonstrate collective work with confiscated land?

<p>They used the confiscated land to show what could be achieved through collective efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did nationalization play in the Bolshevik regime during the civil war?

<p>Nationalization helped the Bolsheviks control key industries and banks for central economic planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

  • Socialism arose as a reaction to the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.
  • Liberals, radicals, and conservatives had different views on societal change.
  • Liberals wanted religious tolerance and representative governments.
  • Radicals sought change through popular or majority rule, opposing privileges of wealthy individuals.
  • Conservatives favored gradual change, respecting the past, and opposed sudden transformations.
  • Industrialization led to significant social and economic changes, creating new cities, expanding railways, and widespread industrialization.
  • Workers faced long hours, low wages, poor housing, and growing unemployment.
  • Liberals and radicals searched for solutions to city-dwelling problems and to inequality.
  • Socialism was a body of ideas developed in opposition to the prevailing capitalist order, criticizing private property as a source of societal ills.
  • Socialists advocated for collective ownership of property and cooperation as a means to remedy the issues arising from industrialization.
  • Different socialist ideologies emerged, including cooperatives and ideas from Karl Marx, who argued for a fundamental restructuring of society through the overthrow of capitalism and private property.
  • The Russian Empire in 1914 was largely agricultural, but growing industrial sectors existed in places like St. Petersburg and Moscow.
  • Workers were a diverse group, with some having strong ties to rural villages and others permanently settled in cities.
  • Divisions existed among workers as well as between workers and other social groups, but workers united to challenge their employers over conditions.
  • Peasant land ownership was a significant factor in Russian society, and peasants frequently opposed the nobility and sought redistribution of land.
  • Political dissent was common, as all political parties were illegal before 1914.
  • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, founded in 1898, operated as an illegal organization.
  • The February Revolution of 1917 initially involved widespread worker strikes and protests, driven primarily by food shortages and the unpopularity of the Tsar.
  • The Tsar abdicated, leading to a Provisional Government.
  • The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seize power in Russia.
  • The Bolsheviks ended private property, nationalized industries, and carried out land redistribution.
  • A subsequent civil war and the establishment of a one-party state followed.
  • The Russian Revolution influenced socialist movements worldwide, inspiring the formation of communist parties in many countries.
  • The Russian Revolution led to the formation of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1922.
  • The collectivization of agriculture forced all farmers to farm as part of a collective farm (kolkhoz.)
  • This period was not wholly successful, and led to food shortages, social unrest and enormous human cost.
  • The Russian Revolution was seen by some as a model for societal restructuring that challenged capitalist principles.

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Explore the rise of socialism as a reaction to the Industrial and French Revolutions. This quiz covers the varying perspectives of liberals, radicals, and conservatives amidst the significant social changes of the era. Test your knowledge on how these ideologies shaped society's response to economic inequalities and the challenges faced by workers.

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