Socialisation and Its Agents
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What are the key components that contribute to consumer culture?

  • The use of social media for advertising and marketing.
  • The promotion of traditional art and cultural activities.
  • The availability of a range of goods and services. (correct)
  • The focus on self-sufficiency and sustainable living practices.
  • How is being in debt perceived in consumer culture?

  • It is generally seen as a sign of financial irresponsibility.
  • It is encouraged as a way to stimulate economic growth.
  • It is considered a status symbol of wealth and success.
  • It is widely accepted as a normal aspect of everyday life. (correct)
  • What is the term ‘low culture’ primarily associated with?

  • Cultural activities that are viewed as inferior or lacking in value. (correct)
  • Cultural activities that are based on traditional knowledge and practices.
  • Cultural activities that are accessible to all socioeconomic classes.
  • Cultural activities that are expensive and exclusive.
  • How does the text contrast the media outlets for low and high culture?

    <p>The media for low culture emphasizes simplicity and accessibility, while high culture media emphasizes complexity and exclusivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between traditional ‘high culture’ and consumer culture?

    <p>Traditional high culture has become less exclusive and more accessible to a wider audience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, how does disengagement affect individuals as they age?

    <p>It can lead to feelings of isolation and a decline in social interaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of social structures in shaping experiences of aging?

    <p>Postmodernism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key argument made by Marxist theorists regarding aging and social inequality?

    <p>Older individuals are more likely to be marginalized and exploited by the capitalist system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of the state's role in supporting the elderly, as presented in the content?

    <p>State-funded care for the elderly is too expensive and inefficient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument of the functionalist perspective on homosexuality?

    <p>Homosexuality is a result of social conditioning and can be prevented through policies like Section 28. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is a key factor contributing to the blurring of life stages in postmodern society?

    <p>The growing importance of consumer culture and the marketing of youthfulness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core argument of the Marxist perspective on sexuality?

    <p>Economic factors force people to conform to heteronormative expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common resistance strategy employed by older people against stereotypical representations of aging?

    <p>Challenging the idea of a homogenous 'old age' category. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided content, what is one reason why defining social class can be difficult?

    <p>People may identify with a social class that differs from their objective socioeconomic status determined by factors like income and education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the varying experiences of aging?

    <p>Biological and physiological changes associated with aging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sociological concept that refers to the range of sexual orientations, including homosexual, heterosexual, and asexual?

    <p>The sexual spectrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key inequality is related to the distribution of wealth and poverty in the text?

    <p>Unequal access to healthcare services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor used by the government to categorize individuals into social classes?

    <p>Employment relations and market conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "compulsory heterosexuality" as defined in the text imply?

    <p>The idea that heterosexuality is the only acceptable sexuality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Guardian Poll mentioned in the text suggest about class division in Britain?

    <p>Class remains a strong factor in British society, influencing individuals' sense of self and social perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that influences life chances, style, health, and educational outcomes?

    <p>Individual talents and personal motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did local institutions have on the presentation of gay relationships?

    <p>They prevented a positive portrayal of gay relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Quinn's study reveal about same-sex relationships in tribal communities?

    <p>They celebrated same-sex marriages with specific gender roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'The Homosexual Career' describe the behavior of men who accept the label of homosexuality?

    <p>They join a subculture where stereotypes become normal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McIntosh, what happens once a male accepts the homosexual label?

    <p>He begins to fulfill certain cultural expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the radical feminist approach argue about women's sexuality?

    <p>Women's sexuality is oppressed by patriarchal institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Radical Feminism argue is the primary basis for the oppression of women?

    <p>Patriarchy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is central to Difference Feminism?

    <p>Intersectionality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notable figure is associated with the New Right political theory in the UK?

    <p>Margaret Thatcher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Johnson (1995) define as a consequence of patriarchal traditions?

    <p>Patriarchal terrorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Difference Feminism, which structure is NOT identified as restricting women?

    <p>Educational attainment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Radical Feminism regarding women's roles?

    <p>It fails to consider changes in women's positions over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic approach is associated with the New Right's ideology?

    <p>Free market capitalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Walby argue has evolved in the concept of patriarchy over time?

    <p>It includes more women in public spheres. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of McDonaldization, as proposed by Ritzer?

    <p>Personalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key argument against the increasing prevalence of global culture?

    <p>It leads to the homogenization of cultural practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of the 'Global Village' associated with?

    <p>The increasing accessibility of global media and information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Netflix exemplify global culture?

    <p>It is a successful example of American imperialism in the global media landscape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a component of global culture as described in the text?

    <p>Cuisine from specific countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of global culture, as identified in the text?

    <p>The emergence of national cultural defense mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the 'efficiency' aspect of McDonaldization?

    <p>Using automated machinery to speed up production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the concept of 'calculability' within McDonaldization?

    <p>Maximizing the quantity of products sold rather than their quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cheap Consumer Culture

    A consumer culture perceived negatively for lacking taste.

    Low Culture

    Cultures viewed as inferior or of low value, often tied to popular culture.

    High Culture

    Cultures associated with high status, exclusivity, and educational content.

    Celia Lury

    Key theorist of consumer culture, analyzing its various components.

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    Consumer Culture Elements

    Includes wide availability of goods, leisure pursuits, and social norms about debt.

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    Global Culture

    The trend of cultural products becoming universal, losing national distinctiveness.

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    Netflix as Global Culture

    Netflix is a media giant seen as a mix of high, popular, and consumer culture with a global impact.

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    Cultural Homogeneity

    The concern that global culture leads to uniform cultural expressions worldwide.

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    Cultural Defence

    The response to global culture that promotes and defends local cultures.

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    Global Village

    A world interconnected through media and travel, fostering global awareness.

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    McDonaldization

    The process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants dominate other sectors.

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    Four Components of McDonaldization

    Efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control are key features of McDonaldization.

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    Colonization and Culture

    The spread of Western culture to developing regions through media and brands.

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    Radical Feminism

    Women are oppressed by societal structures and need radical changes for equality.

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    Patriarchy

    A social system where men hold primary power, influencing various aspects of society.

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    Patriarchal Terrorism

    Violence resulting from traditions that assert a man's right to control women.

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    Difference Feminism

    Also known as Black Feminism; emphasizes intersectionality in women's experiences.

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    Intersectionality

    The interconnected nature of social categorizations affecting discrimination.

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    Triple Systems Theory

    Walby's concept linking gender, race, and class to understand women's oppression.

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    Neoliberal Economics

    Belief that free markets operate best without state intervention, focusing on supply and demand.

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    Privatization

    Shifting public services to be run by private companies, aligning with neoliberalism.

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    Berdache

    A term used to describe a male in Native American tribes who marries another male and adopts a feminine role.

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    Homosexual Career

    The process where men who identify as homosexual seek out others and join a subculture that reinforces sexual stereotypes.

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    Homosexual Role

    Cultural expectations and characteristics associated with homosexual males in Western societies, including mannerisms and appearance.

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    Radical Feminist Approach

    A perspective arguing that women's sexuality is controlled and oppressed in patriarchal societies through various societal institutions.

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    Same-Sex Marriage Ceremonies

    Cultural practices in some societies where males participate in marriage-like ceremonies with younger males, often involving a dominant role.

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    Disengagement Theory

    The theory that disengagement from roles is necessary as individuals age, allowing for new roles to be experienced.

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    Social Construction of Age

    The concept that age categories, such as retirement ages, are created by society rather than being natural.

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    Marxism in Ageing

    A perspective that highlights the impact of poverty and inequality on the elderly, especially among the working class.

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    Poverty in Old Age

    The tendency for working class individuals to suffer from financial insecurity during old age due to inadequate savings and pensions.

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    Postmodernism and Ageing

    The idea that life's stages are becoming less defined, with changing attitudes towards ageing and increased choices for older individuals.

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    The Grey Pound

    The economic power of older adults, reflecting their spending capacity and influence in consumer culture.

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    Active Ageing

    Promoting the health and well-being of older people, allowing them to live actively and engage in society.

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    Sexual Orientation Spectrum

    The range of sexual orientations including heterosexual, homosexual, and asexual, recognizing that individuals can fall anywhere on this spectrum.

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    Compulsory Heterosexuality

    A socialization process that enforces heterosexuality in women.

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    Functionalism

    A sociological perspective that views homosexuality as non-functional due to biology.

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    Marxism

    A theory suggesting capitalism promotes heterosexual norms to divide society.

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    Social Class

    A classification based on socioeconomic status and job identity.

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    National Statistics Classification

    A government system categorizing people into eight social classes.

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    Life Chances

    The opportunities individuals have for achieving economic and social advantages.

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    2007 Guardian Poll

    A survey showing the perception of class judgment in Britain.

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    Social Inequalities

    Differences in outcomes like health and education based on class.

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    Study Notes

    Socialisation

    • Family is the primary agent of socialisation, influencing children from birth to age 5.
    • Children learn norms and values from their families, including language, behaviour, posture, and facial expressions.
    • Parents model acceptable behaviours through rewards and sanctions.
    • Socialisation encompasses various aspects like politics, religion, class, and attitudes towards age and treatment.
    • Genie Wiley's case highlights the crucial role of early childhood stimulation in brain development. Without adequate stimulation, development is severely limited.

    Media

    • Media plays a significant role in secondary socialisation, influencing individuals' understanding of societal norms and current cultural trends.
    • Film and media portrayals often focus on physical appearance, influencing societal expectations about women.
    • Media depictions of women can affect girls' self-perception, potentially promoting negative body image issues.

    Education

    • Education acts as an overlap and a reinforcement of peer groups and societal norms.
    • 'Hidden curriculum' refers to the non-academic learning of values, norms, and attitudes often taught by educational institutions.
    • The hidden curriculum reinforces existing societal norms and values, as it's not formally stated.
    • The school structure reinforces acceptable behavior, both in terms of rules and recognition of success.
    • Bowles and Gintis argue that schools in capitalist societies function to maintain class structures by teaching obedience and conformity.

    Peer Groups

    • Peer groups are highly influential in shaping socialisation, particularly during the formative years of 5-18.
    • Peer groups foster conformity.
    • Socialisation within peer groups involves interactions of a similar age group or year-group.
    • Peer groups often dictate a hierarchy of leadership and followers.

    Religion

    • Religion is a powerful secondary agent of socialisation, often influencing moral codes and values.
    • Societal values and norms can be influenced by religious beliefs.
    • Secularism is on the rise as many people choose no particular religion.
    • Religious norms influence laws around social issues.

    Workplace

    • The workplace, as a secondary agent, shapes socialisation for adults.
    • Workplace culture includes formal expectations and informal norms.
    • Workplace behaviour can become normalised, for example prejudice.
    • Workplaces and workplaces can reinforce stereotypes.

    Nature vs Nurture

    • Nature suggests that humans' characteristics are innate - genetically determined.
    • Nurture suggests that it is environmental influences and experiences shaping a person.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of socialisation, focusing on primary agents such as family, media, and education. It discusses how these factors shape children's norms, values, and self-perception. Case studies, like Genie Wiley, illustrate the importance of early childhood stimulation in brain development.

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