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Questions and Answers
What is considered the most influential factor in socialization during early childhood?
What is considered the most influential factor in socialization during early childhood?
During which stage are children most likely to align with their parents' beliefs?
During which stage are children most likely to align with their parents' beliefs?
What influence does education have on socialization compared to familial influence?
What influence does education have on socialization compared to familial influence?
What trend has been observed in political alignment among children with siblings?
What trend has been observed in political alignment among children with siblings?
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What is indicated about voters' priorities in political decision-making?
What is indicated about voters' priorities in political decision-making?
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Why is the concept of subjective class important in understanding social opinion?
Why is the concept of subjective class important in understanding social opinion?
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In what way has voter behavior changed in recent years according to the information provided?
In what way has voter behavior changed in recent years according to the information provided?
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What factor is less influential in shaping opinion as children transition to college?
What factor is less influential in shaping opinion as children transition to college?
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How do Americans view the government's role in economic issues?
How do Americans view the government's role in economic issues?
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Which statement best illustrates the division of wealth perception among Americans?
Which statement best illustrates the division of wealth perception among Americans?
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What factor has a greater impact on social issues than income?
What factor has a greater impact on social issues than income?
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Which group had the highest support for affirmative action based on how it was worded?
Which group had the highest support for affirmative action based on how it was worded?
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What shift has been observed in the political behavior of evangelical Christians since the 1990s?
What shift has been observed in the political behavior of evangelical Christians since the 1990s?
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Which demographic is noted for being more open to new social trends?
Which demographic is noted for being more open to new social trends?
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In which year did only 5% of white Americans support segregation?
In which year did only 5% of white Americans support segregation?
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What is a common misconception about class and party affiliation in the United States?
What is a common misconception about class and party affiliation in the United States?
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What is the trend regarding the political alignment of women since 1988?
What is the trend regarding the political alignment of women since 1988?
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How does church attendance influence the political views of evangelical Christians?
How does church attendance influence the political views of evangelical Christians?
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What distinguishes the voting behavior of white southerners compared to other demographics?
What distinguishes the voting behavior of white southerners compared to other demographics?
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What is a common misconception about abortion viewpoints among Americans?
What is a common misconception about abortion viewpoints among Americans?
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What has been observed regarding information shortcuts people use in politics?
What has been observed regarding information shortcuts people use in politics?
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What critique does Somin offer regarding voters' understanding of party differences?
What critique does Somin offer regarding voters' understanding of party differences?
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What factor is linked to higher voter turnout among women?
What factor is linked to higher voter turnout among women?
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What is a notable difference in the political alignment of Catholics and Jewish people compared to evangelical Christians?
What is a notable difference in the political alignment of Catholics and Jewish people compared to evangelical Christians?
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What is calcification primarily associated with in the political landscape?
What is calcification primarily associated with in the political landscape?
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How has retrospective voting been affected by calcification within the electorate?
How has retrospective voting been affected by calcification within the electorate?
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What trend is observed in voting patterns in swing states over recent elections?
What trend is observed in voting patterns in swing states over recent elections?
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What major shift has occurred regarding views on immigration across political parties?
What major shift has occurred regarding views on immigration across political parties?
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Which one of the following is a characteristic of SuperPACs?
Which one of the following is a characteristic of SuperPACs?
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What defines public financing in political campaigns?
What defines public financing in political campaigns?
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What is a distinguishing factor between PACs and SuperPACs?
What is a distinguishing factor between PACs and SuperPACs?
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What challenge has been identified with regard to partisan parity in contemporary elections?
What challenge has been identified with regard to partisan parity in contemporary elections?
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What do Trump voters typically perceive about the economy under Biden compared to when Republicans were in office?
What do Trump voters typically perceive about the economy under Biden compared to when Republicans were in office?
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How do opinion leaders influence voter behavior according to the reading?
How do opinion leaders influence voter behavior according to the reading?
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What does issue voting rely on?
What does issue voting rely on?
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What trend is observed with the ability of voters to place candidates on a political spectrum?
What trend is observed with the ability of voters to place candidates on a political spectrum?
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What type of primary candidates do party dynamics suggest might be nominated?
What type of primary candidates do party dynamics suggest might be nominated?
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How does horse race coverage affect voter decision-making?
How does horse race coverage affect voter decision-making?
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Which characteristic describes Biden's coalition compared to Sandеrs' coalition?
Which characteristic describes Biden's coalition compared to Sandеrs' coalition?
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What did voters used to base their choices on in terms of issue politics?
What did voters used to base their choices on in terms of issue politics?
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Study Notes
Socialization
- Family is the most influential factor in early socialization
- Family and government authority figures are seen as authoritative during prepubescent years
- Family influence can be affected by factors like race and gender, for example, Black teenagers are more likely to agree with their parents than Hispanic teens
- The influence of education can vary based on the stage of education: K-12 may have less influence than college due to choice and exposure.
- College education can have a greater impact on political views than income
- Exposure and choice play a role in the influence of education on individuals
Political Socialization and Opinion Formation
- Voters are more often sociotropic, favoring benefits for everyone over individual interests, and their narrow self-interest does not always predict political stances
- Americans generally hold a philosophical anti-government stance but operationally support government programs
- Many Americans believe that people are responsible for their own outcomes, suggesting a belief in individual agency rather than systemic factors
- The belief that people are responsible for their own outcomes has increased from 26% in 1988 to 45% in 2015
Class and Political Views
- Americans perceive class subjectively, leading to varied interpretations of class identity
- While income may not strongly predict party affiliation, increasing upper-class individuals support Democrats
- Class and income have a smaller impact than education in affecting views on social issues
- Upper class individuals are more liberal on non-economic issues than working-class counterparts
Education and Political Views
- Education plays a greater impact than income on how Americans view social issues
- Democrats are more likely to be better educated than Republicans, with a large portion of Republicans only having a high school diploma
Race and Political Views
- White individuals have shifted significantly in their views on racial issues, showing the impact of policy and societal change
- Support for segregation among white individuals decreased considerably from 50% in 1964 to 5% in 1978
- Wording of policies can influence support, with Black Americans showing higher support for affirmative action when it's presented positively
- Black support for affirmative action is consistently higher than other groups
Age and Political Views
- Younger individuals are more likely to embrace new trends, including LGBTQ+ rights, marijuana legalization, immigration, and outsourcing
Religion and Political Views
- Evangelical Christians were the most rapidly expanding religious denomination from the 1970s to the 1990s, and many have aligned with conservative political views
- The proportion of individuals who believe the Bible is completely accurate has decreased among evangelical Christians
- Despite decreasing support for biblical inerrancy, support for abortion and gay marriage remains low among evangelical Christians
- Frequency of church attendance is correlated with conservative views, but this pattern may differ for Catholics and Jewish individuals
Region and Political Views
- The Southern United States differs from other regions in its political leanings, even when accounting for factors like race and religion
- The South remains a conservative region, with white Southerners less likely to identify as Democrats than Republicans
Gender and Political Views
- Women are more likely to identify as Democrats, and this gap has widened since 1988 due to men shifting toward Republicans
- Women are more strongly opposed to the use of military force than men
- Women are more likely to oppose war and are equally likely to support abortion as men
- Women have higher voter turnout rates, with higher education also contributing to this trend
Abortion and Political Views
- Most Americans hold more moderate views on abortion, even in politically conservative states
- There is a growing polarization on abortion with Republicans and Democrats holding increasingly extreme views
Shortcuts in Political Information Processing
- People who are more informed may also become inflexible in their existing views
- Political parties serve as information shortcuts, providing voter with a general understanding of a candidate's policy positions
- The more polarized a political party is, the more information voters can glean from its label
- Voters can also rely on opinion leaders for information, but these individuals often hold more extreme viewpoints and may exaggerate information to attract attention
- Opinion leaders may reinforce pre-existing biases, potentially limiting exposure to challenging viewpoints
Primary Elections
- Issue voting is a primary election voting strategy based on a candidate's policy positions
- Issue voting is less effective in modern elections, as voters are more likely to identify with a political party rather than based on specific policy issues
- Voters may also use group identity as a voting cue, particularly when they perceive a candidate to represent their interests
- Horse-race coverage (media focus on polls and candidate performance) influences voter decisions through the effect of positive coverage when a candidate surpasses expectations
- The electoral college emphasizes swing states which are not representative of the whole country
- Calcification refers to increasing polarization within political parties
- Calcification strengthens the importance of identity-related issues and enhances partisan competition, making it challenging for either side to achieve a decisive victory
- Calcification reduces the effectiveness of retrospective voting, as voters are more likely to believe that their party is best for the economy regardless of incumbency
- Calcification also leads to more agreement on specific policies across parties
Campaign Finance
- The Citizens United decision allowed for unlimited spending by corporations and labor unions in elections.
- Political Action Committees (PACs) are groups organized to raise and spend money in political campaigns. They have contribution limits.
- Super PACs are independent expenditure only committees. They can raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and wealthy donors but cannot contribute directly to candidates.
- Public financing is a system in which government funds are used to support political campaigns.
- Public financing has been attempted in the United States, but it has not been widely adopted and has encountered challenges
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Description
This quiz explores the role of family and education in shaping political views and socialization. It examines how factors like race and gender impact family influence on teenagers and discusses the sociotropic tendencies of voters. Key concepts related to political opinions and authority figures are also analyzed.