Social Sciences Review for Medical Admissions

Dopamine is associated with schizophrenia positively and addiction positively, indicating its role in mood regulation.

Impairment in dopamine pathways negatively impacts mood and motor functions, leading to symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease.

REM cycles increase in duration throughout the night, enhancing the process of memory consolidation.

<p>Sternberg's theory identifies analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as key components of adaptive functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta waves are dominant during alertness and problem-solving, correlating with analytical intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empty Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Émile Durkheim's functionalism views each aspect of society as interdependent and contributing to the overall functioning of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical solidarity is unity in traditional societies based on shared beliefs, while organic solidarity is interdependence in modern societies stemming from diverse roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consummate love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auguste Comte is credited with introducing positivism, which implies that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identification with the same-sex parent allows for the internalization of social values and norms, leading to the development of the superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childhood experiences shape the superego and influence adult behaviors through learned values and earlier punishments and reinforcements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The latent stage facilitates the acquisition of new social values from interactions with peers and adults outside the family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific knowledge relies on verifiable data obtained through carefully controlled experiments to ensure reliability and validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the latency period, sexual instincts are temporarily subdued, allowing for the development of social skills and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unlearned patterns can lead to difficulties in social interactions or moral decision-making, as unresolved conflicts from childhood may resurface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childhood development phenomena are described as verifiable and subject to controlled experimental study, making them worthy of scientific inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning plays a role by associating certain responses with new social values, reinforcing behaviors through learned experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. An example is removing chores when a teenager gets good grades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary reinforcers are inherently rewarding, such as food and shelter, while secondary reinforcers are learned associations, like money and good grades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Development Theory proposes that children actively construct their understanding of the world and progress through distinct stages of cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. An example is taking away a child's video game time for misbehavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One concept from the Sensorimotor stage is object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social learning theory suggests that we learn not only through direct reinforcement and punishment but also by observing others and imitating their behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism is the difficulty a child has in seeing things from perspectives other than their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary punishers are inherently punishing stimuli, like pain or loud noises, while secondary punishers are learned, such as poor grades or loss of privileges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social facilitation suggests that individuals perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of an audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social loafing refers to the reduction of effort by individuals when working in a group, as individual contributions are less identifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, while the James-Lange theory suggests emotions arise from physiological arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes harmony and conformity over critical analysis, often resulting in poor decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity involves changing one's behavior to match the group, often driven by the desire to fit in or avoid conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group polarization describes the tendency for group discussions to lead members to adopt more extreme positions than they initially held.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Schachter-Singer theory posits that emotions arise from both physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociology emerged in response to significant societal changes, including industrialization and urbanization, during the 18th to 19th centuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three components are cognitive (thoughts), affective (feelings), and behavioral (actions). They manifest as stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sheldon's body type theory suggests that endomorphs, who have a rounded physique, tend to be sociable and affectionate. This indicates a correlation between body type and certain personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroticism, characterized by negative emotionality, may lead to heightened anxiety and withdrawal in social situations. This can hinder effective communication and relationship building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agreeableness facilitates cooperation and empathy, enhancing group cohesion and interpersonal relationships. It is significant for creating supportive social environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, individuals with high extraversion are typically more sociable and assertive, which can lead to greater engagement and leadership in group settings. This contrasts with introverted individuals who may be less active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination represents an outward expression of prejudice through negative behaviors towards individuals or groups. It underscores the destructive impact of biased attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes are cognitive shortcuts that help categorize individuals based on perceived group characteristics, often leading to oversimplified judgments. They can distort our understanding of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mesomorph body type, characterized by muscularity and athleticism, is often associated with assertiveness and adventurousness. This suggests a link between physical attributes and behavioral tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers