Social Sciences Review for Medical Admissions

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Questions and Answers

How does dopamine (DA) relate to mood disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction?

Dopamine is associated with schizophrenia positively and addiction positively, indicating its role in mood regulation.

What are the implications of damaged dopamine pathways in relation to Parkinson's disease?

Impairment in dopamine pathways negatively impacts mood and motor functions, leading to symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease.

Explain the significance of REM cycles in relation to memory consolidation.

REM cycles increase in duration throughout the night, enhancing the process of memory consolidation.

Describe Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

Sternberg's theory identifies analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as key components of adaptive functioning. Signup and view all the answers

How do beta waves relate to the cognitive functions highlighted by Sternberg?

Beta waves are dominant during alertness and problem-solving, correlating with analytical intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What type of love is characterized solely by commitment without intimacy or passion?

Empty Love Signup and view all the answers

How does functionalism, as proposed by Émile Durkheim, view the role of different aspects of society?

Émile Durkheim's functionalism views each aspect of society as interdependent and contributing to the overall functioning of society. Signup and view all the answers

Define mechanical and organic solidarity in relation to social cohesion.

Mechanical solidarity is unity in traditional societies based on shared beliefs, while organic solidarity is interdependence in modern societies stemming from diverse roles. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes consummate love in the context of love theories?

Consummate love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with introducing the concept of positivism in sociology and what does it imply?

Auguste Comte is credited with introducing positivism, which implies that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation. Signup and view all the answers

How does identification with the same-sex parent influence the development of the superego?

Identification with the same-sex parent allows for the internalization of social values and norms, leading to the development of the superego. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do childhood experiences affect adult behavior according to the provided content?

Childhood experiences shape the superego and influence adult behaviors through learned values and earlier punishments and reinforcements. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the latent stage play in a child's social development?

The latent stage facilitates the acquisition of new social values from interactions with peers and adults outside the family. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the acquisition of scientific knowledge described as dependent on carefully controlled experiments?

Scientific knowledge relies on verifiable data obtained through carefully controlled experiments to ensure reliability and validity. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sexual instincts during the latency period?

During the latency period, sexual instincts are temporarily subdued, allowing for the development of social skills and values. Signup and view all the answers

How can unlearned patterns from childhood manifest in adulthood?

Unlearned patterns can lead to difficulties in social interactions or moral decision-making, as unresolved conflicts from childhood may resurface. Signup and view all the answers

What scientific status does the content assign to childhood development phenomena?

Childhood development phenomena are described as verifiable and subject to controlled experimental study, making them worthy of scientific inquiry. Signup and view all the answers

How does classical conditioning relate to the learning of social values in children?

Classical conditioning plays a role by associating certain responses with new social values, reinforcing behaviors through learned experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement and provide an example?

Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. An example is removing chores when a teenager gets good grades. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers.

Primary reinforcers are inherently rewarding, such as food and shelter, while secondary reinforcers are learned associations, like money and good grades. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cognitive Development Theory propose about children's learning?

Cognitive Development Theory proposes that children actively construct their understanding of the world and progress through distinct stages of cognitive abilities. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by negative punishment with an example.

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. An example is taking away a child's video game time for misbehavior. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one concept from the Sensorimotor stage and explain it.

One concept from the Sensorimotor stage is object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen. Signup and view all the answers

What does social learning theory suggest about how we learn?

Social learning theory suggests that we learn not only through direct reinforcement and punishment but also by observing others and imitating their behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentrism according to cognitive development theory?

Egocentrism is the difficulty a child has in seeing things from perspectives other than their own. Signup and view all the answers

How do primary punishers differ from secondary punishers?

Primary punishers are inherently punishing stimuli, like pain or loud noises, while secondary punishers are learned, such as poor grades or loss of privileges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept of social facilitation in relation to performance when being watched?

Social facilitation suggests that individuals perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of an audience. Signup and view all the answers

Explain social loafing and its impact on group performance.

Social loafing refers to the reduction of effort by individuals when working in a group, as individual contributions are less identifiable. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion differ from the James-Lange theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, while the James-Lange theory suggests emotions arise from physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the phenomenon of groupthink and its consequences on decision-making.

Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes harmony and conformity over critical analysis, often resulting in poor decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What role does conformity play in social behavior, and how is it related to group dynamics?

Conformity involves changing one's behavior to match the group, often driven by the desire to fit in or avoid conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization, and how does it affect individual attitudes within a group?

Group polarization describes the tendency for group discussions to lead members to adopt more extreme positions than they initially held. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion and its key components.

The Schachter-Singer theory posits that emotions arise from both physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What historical context led to the emergence of sociology in the 18th to 19th centuries?

Sociology emerged in response to significant societal changes, including industrialization and urbanization, during the 18th to 19th centuries. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of attitude as described in the content and how do they manifest?

The three components are cognitive (thoughts), affective (feelings), and behavioral (actions). They manifest as stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination respectively. Signup and view all the answers

How does William Sheldon's body type theory relate to personality traits, particularly in terms of the endomorph?

Sheldon's body type theory suggests that endomorphs, who have a rounded physique, tend to be sociable and affectionate. This indicates a correlation between body type and certain personality traits. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways might neuroticism affect a person's social interactions?

Neuroticism, characterized by negative emotionality, may lead to heightened anxiety and withdrawal in social situations. This can hinder effective communication and relationship building. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how agreeableness plays a role in social environments and its significance.

Agreeableness facilitates cooperation and empathy, enhancing group cohesion and interpersonal relationships. It is significant for creating supportive social environments. Signup and view all the answers

Can an individual's level of extraversion influence their behavior in group settings, and how?

Yes, individuals with high extraversion are typically more sociable and assertive, which can lead to greater engagement and leadership in group settings. This contrasts with introverted individuals who may be less active. Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of discrimination in the context of behavioral attitudes?

Discrimination represents an outward expression of prejudice through negative behaviors towards individuals or groups. It underscores the destructive impact of biased attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between stereotypes and cognitive shortcuts.

Stereotypes are cognitive shortcuts that help categorize individuals based on perceived group characteristics, often leading to oversimplified judgments. They can distort our understanding of people. Signup and view all the answers

How does the mesomorph body type correlate with personality traits according to Sheldon's theory?

The mesomorph body type, characterized by muscularity and athleticism, is often associated with assertiveness and adventurousness. This suggests a link between physical attributes and behavioral tendencies. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Latency Stage

A stage of psychosexual development between ages 6 and 12 where sexual desires are suppressed and social development takes center stage. Children focus on forming relationships with peers and learning social values outside the family.

Superego

The part of the personality that represents internalized moral rules and values. It develops during childhood through interactions with parents and society.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Importance of Childhood

The importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. It emphasizes that unresolved conflicts during early stages can have lasting effects on development.