Social Science Concepts Quiz
91 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of social science?

  • The analysis of literary works and artistic expression.
  • The study of abstract philosophical concepts.
  • The exploration of human behavior, activities, and customs. (correct)
  • The investigation of the natural world and its physical properties.

    • What type of learning is characterized by a behavior being encouraged or discouraged based on its consequences?

  • Cultural construction
  • Operant conditioning (correct)
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Reflexivity

    • Which research method involves immersing oneself in a community to closely observe behaviors and interactions?

  • Correlation study
  • Content analysis
  • Historical analysis
  • Ethnography (correct)

    • What is the core idea behind positivism in the context of social science?

    <p>Scientific evidence provides the most reliable basis for understanding society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the belief that one's own culture is superior to others?

    <p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freudian theory, what is the primary function of the 'ego'?

    <p>To mediate between innate desires and real-world constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Jung, what are archetypes?

    <p>Universal symbols or patterns found in the collective unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idea that gender is shaped by cultural norms and beliefs is an example of what concept?

    <p>Culturally constructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice requires researchers to reflect on their own biases and how they might affect their research?

    <p>Reflexivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of 'individual psychology' as proposed by Alfred Adler?

    <p>The investigation of how people are conscious of their goals and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what term describes a previously neutral stimulus that, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a smaller group within a larger society that shares distinctive values and lifestyles?

    <p>Subculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves observing a group over a defined period of time, common in the social sciences?

    <p>Case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>That basic needs must be fulfilled before higher-level needs can be pursued.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods involves a patient speaking freely in a relaxed state, with the aim of uncovering hidden memories?

    <p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is used to assess relationships between two or more variables, such as attitudes and shopping habits?

    <p>Correlation study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between manifest and latent functions of a social institution?

    <p>Manifest functions are intended, while latent functions are unintended outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concepts outlined, which of the following best illustrates 'anticipatory socialization'?

    <p>Engaging in role-playing with future scenarios such as a job interview.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary focus of arranged marriages, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Focusing on economic stability, childbearing, and family relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept best describes a situation where someone changes their behavior depending on the social context?

    <p>Situation view of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between a primary group and a secondary group?

    <p>Primary groups are typically small and informal, while secondary groups are large and highly structured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person in the 'unexplained ethnic identity' stage is most likely to believe which of the following?

    <p>There is no significant difference between them and the dominant society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies 'resocialization'?

    <p>An adult going to court-mandated anger management classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'ethnic identity search' stage typically begin?

    <p>With an event that causes an individual to question their place in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'direct influence' from 'indirect influence'?

    <p>Direct influence involves specific opinions, whereas indirect is based on potential outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between 'race' and 'ethnicity'?

    <p>Race is how we group people by physical appearance, and ethnicity is about cultural background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social norms, how does conformity differ from obedience?

    <p>Conformity involves altering one's behavior to match a group, while obedience means submitting to authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the 'integration' strategy in acculturation theory?

    <p>Blending aspects of both their own culture and the dominant culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage when minority groups assimilate into the dominant culture, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Loss of their cultural identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains 'groupthink'?

    <p>The effect of pressure on decision making in a group that leads to poor decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before 1960, what was a common characteristic of marriage, as described in the text?

    <p>Marriages primarily occurred within social groups and religious traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential characteristic of a 'total institution'?

    <p>It is an organization that controls nearly every aspect of its members' lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most accurately differentiates 'ascribed roles' from 'achieved roles'?

    <p>Ascribed roles are assigned, while achieved roles are earned through effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge experienced by individuals who move to a new country, as identified in the text?

    <p>A loss of cultural traditions, language barriers, and experiences with discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the core feature of psychoses?

    <p>Loss of contact with reality, potentially including hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who believes that their neighbor is secretly trying to control their thoughts is experiencing what?

    <p>A delusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the psychosexual stages, what is the primary focus of the anal stage?

    <p>Pleasure in learning to control bowels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Piaget's stages involves the development of conservation?

    <p>Concrete operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, which psychosocial stage is primarily experienced during adolescence?

    <p>Ego identity vs. role diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be considered a potential conflict during the oral stage of development?

    <p>Weaning off the mother's breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a child's development, which of the following examples illustrates separation anxiety?

    <p>A child who is upset when their parent is leaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the latency stage in psychosexual development?

    <p>Sexual energy focused on friendships and school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is most likely to result in children who are socially accepted and well-behaved?

    <p>Authoritative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teenagers who frequently run away from home are most likely doing so to escape what kind of environment?

    <p>A home with frequent arguments that are not resolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical outcome of a neglectful parenting style on a child's development?

    <p>Disruptions in brain architecture affecting learning and relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a person experiencing a psychosis?

    <p>They exhibit a severe disconnection with reality and might have hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a violent and permissive family environment potentially affect a child?

    <p>It can increase their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a person's attitude affect?

    <p>Their mood and the mood of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best explains how social thinking impacts behavior?

    <p>People adjust their behavior to align with the nature of their situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do biological factors influence gender identification?

    <p>They relate to chromosomes, hormones, and evolutionary biology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freudian psychosexual stages, what is the main focus of the phallic stage?

    <p>Awareness of sexual organs and development of the Oedipus or Electra complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hallucinations are defined as beliefs that are clearly false.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage occurs during young adulthood?

    <p>Intimacy vs. Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, children in the __________ stage can think logically and understand conservation.

    <p>concrete operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental stages with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Infants explore the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Preoperational = Children use words/images to represent objects but do not reason logically, pretend play develops Formal operational = Adolescents can reason abstractly and think hypothetically Latency Stage = Sexual drive is inactive, energy poured into asexual pursuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves a researcher observing a group over time in any social science?

    <p>Case Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnography involves believing that one's own culture is superior to others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where humans do something based on previous experiences that rewarded them?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Issues of gender are considered to be ______, meaning that they are created and shaped by a culture.

    <p>culturally constructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the research method with its primary characteristic:

    <p>Survey = Obtains information on many people's opinions Historical Analysis = Examines past evidence to understand the past Content Analysis = Analyzes words, themes, and concepts Experiment = Determines how one factor relates to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research methods involves planning beforehand what to look for during observation?

    <p>Structured observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'reflexivity' in social science research?

    <p>Reflecting on one's own worldview, biases, and impact on the culture of study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of anthropology focuses on the study of skeletal remains?

    <p>Forensics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emile Durkheim believed that society functions illogically and protects the interest of privileged members.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of study in paleoanthropology?

    <p>bones/stones remains of ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Karl Marx, ______ would be replaced by communism.

    <p>capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their main contributions:

    <p>Auguste Comte = Coined the term 'sociology' and found positivism Sigmund Freud = Developed psychoanalytic theory B.F. Skinner = Created operant conditioning Alfred Adler = Introduced the concept of 'individual psychology'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these was not a method used by Sigmund Freud to study the unconscious mind?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Max Weber believed that human values and beliefs were irrelevant to how people have acted throughout history.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Alfred Adler introduce that states people are aware of the goals and values that guide them?

    <p>individual psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors with positive outcomes will be ______.

    <p>repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'self concept'?

    <p>Our sense of who we are based on our ideas about ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hominin species is known as the 'Handy Man' due to their tool-making abilities?

    <p>Homo Habilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 'social learning theory of gender', children's understanding of gender roles comes primarily from their parents innate behaviour patterns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monogamy refers to a relationship where someone has multiple partners.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an emotional disorder characterized by physical, mental, and psychological symptoms?

    <p>neurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A focus on an earlier stage of psychological development due to an unresolved conflict is known as a ______.

    <p>fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes when an individual identifies with two cultures?

    <p>bicultural identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Oedipus complex = Unconscious sexual desire towards mother Electra complex = Unconscious sexual desire towards father Heredity = Characteristics inherited through genetics Environmental factors = Forces that nurture our personality as we grow and develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of _________ refers to opinions that are formed without reason or evidence.

    <p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hominin species with their corresponding periods:

    <p>Ardipithecus Ramidus = 4.4 million years ago Australopithecus Anamensis = 4.2 million years ago Homo Erectus = 1.8 million years ago Homo Neanderthalensis = 200,000 - 28,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of 'agoraphobia'?

    <p>Irrational fear of being in unfamiliar situations or crowds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'symbolic ethnicity'?

    <p>An ethnic identity primarily expressed through symbolic aspects of culture, such as holidays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'gender intensification hypothesis' suggests that psychological differences between boys and girls decrease during adolescence due to pressure to conform to gender roles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'PTSD' stand for?

    <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assimilation occurs when various cultures coexist while maintaining their unique identities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analysis of relationships among a set of variables is known as ______.

    <p>factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a marital relationship where a husband has multiple wives?

    <p>polygyny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining characteristic of ADHD?

    <p>Difficulty paying attention, following instructions, and completing tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the term that describes the unequal treatment of people based on their group membership.

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hominin is known for being the first 'fire makers'?

    <p>Homo Erectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Science Introduction

    • Social science attempts to study people, their activities, behaviors, and customs.
    • Humanities study aspects of human society and culture.
    • Anthropology studies human lives and cultures, both living and deceased.
    • Psychology studies behavior and mental processes.
    • Sociology examines human social life, groups, and societies.
    • Positivism believes scientific evidence is the most reliable method for understanding society.

    Social Mind Concepts

    • Class conflict involves struggles between social classes.
    • The conscious mind refers to memories that can be recalled.
    • The unconscious mind contains memories that cannot be recalled but is a powerful tool for studying the human mind.
    • Free association is a method where patients express whatever comes to mind during relaxation, revealing hidden unconscious elements.
    • The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate satisfaction.
    • The ego adheres to reality principles, emerging early in life, and guides the id.
    • The superego is society's moral compass, aiming to do what's right.
    • Archetypes are universal symbols or patterns found in the collective unconscious of all humans, explored by Carl Jung.
    • Individual Psychology explores individuals' personal goals and values.
    • Analytical Psychology, founded by Carl Jung, distinguishes between the personal and collective unconscious (shared ancestral memories).
    • Unconditional stimulus automatically triggers a response, for example, food smell leading to hunger.
    • Conditioned stimulus eventually triggers a learned response (e.g., a bell associating with food).

    Learning Theories

    • Unconditioned response: instinctive reaction to stimuli.
    • Conditioned response: learned reaction after training to a previously neutral stimulus.
    • Hierarchy of Needs: basic needs must be met before higher-level needs become relevant, Maslow's idea.
    • Classical conditioning emphasizes the relationship between stimulus and response.
    • Operant conditioning examines how desired behaviors elicit reinforcement.
    • Ethnography involves observing a community.
    • Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's culture is superior.
    • Culturally constructed concepts are influenced by cultural norms.
    • Reflexivity is reflecting one's own bias in research on a culture.
    • Subcultures are smaller groups within a wider culture, with distinct values and lifestyles.

    Research Methods

    • Case studies: observation of a group over time.
    • Experiments: determining how one factor affects another.
    • Surveys: gathering opinions from a larger population.
    • Interviews: dialogue between interviewer and interviewee.
    • Unstructured observation: studying without a predetermined hypothesis.
    • Structured observation: planned, focused observations.
    • Participant observation: observing participants within a society.
    • Correlation studies: examining relationships between variables.
    • Historical analysis: studying past events to learn from them.
    • Content analysis: analyzing documents for their themes, concepts, and biases.

    Sociological Schools of Thought

    • Functionalism: how social structures work together to support a society.
    • Conflict theory: how power disparities influence relationships between groups/communities.
    • Symbolic interactionism: individuals' roles within a society and how they interpret their world through these interactions.
    • Feminist theory: analyses conflicts arising from gender differences.

    Psychological Schools of Thought

    • Psychoanalysis explores the unconscious mind.
    • Behavioral psychology examines observable behaviors and responses (like rewards and punishments).
    • Cognitive psychology focuses on learning and the brain/cognitive processes (like memories).
    • Humanistic psychology emphasizes helping people understand themselves through therapy.

    Anthropological Schools of Thought

    • Cultural relativism: understanding cultures on their own terms, not through any biased lens.
    • Functional theory: the elements of culture meet the needs of individuals.
    • Cultural materialism: looks at how the physical environment impacts a culture.
    • Feminist anthropology: analyses conflicts based on gender.
    • Postmodernism: the idea that knowledge is culturally dependent and there is no single objective truth.

    Subfields of Anthropology

    • Cultural Anthropology: studying how cultures function and develop.
    • Linguistic Anthropology: studying how people communicate.
    • Archaeology: examining the past through excavations.
    • Physical Anthropology: studying human remains and variation.
    • Paleoanthropology: examining human evolution.
    • Primatology: studying primates.

    Sociological Key Figures

    • Auguste Comte: coined the term "sociology"
    • Emile Durkheim: studied societal functions, solidarity, and forces that unite societies.
    • Karl Marx: discussed class conflict and capitalism.
    • Max Weber: believed human actions are influenced by values and beliefs; explored how society functions.

    Psychological Key Figures

    • Sigmund Freud: explored the unconscious mind through psychoanalysis.
    • Carl Jung: explored archetypes and the collective unconscious.
    • Alfred Adler: developed individual psychology, focusing on people's goals.
    • Ivan Pavlov: discovered classical conditioning.
    • Edward Thorndike: explored the "law of effect" in learning behavior.
    • B.F. Skinner: studied operant conditioning.
    • Jean Piaget: developed a theory of cognitive development (stages) for children.
    • Albert Bandura: researched how behaviors are learned by observing others.
    • Abraham Maslow: developed the theory of self-actualization.

    Anthropological Key Figures

    • Charles Darwin: explored the evolutionary origins of humans, impacting anthropological theory.
    • Raymond Dart: researched early human ancestors in South Africa.
    • Mary and Louis Leakey: made critical discoveries about the evolution of humans.
    • Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas: researched primates, understanding their behaviors and social dynamics.
    • Franz Boas: proposed cultural relativism, crucial to anthropological perspectives.
    • Margaret Mead: studied how cultures shape gender roles, leading to debates on her methodologies.
    • Noam Chomsky: provided insights into human language and its basis in universal grammar.

    Additional Topics

    • Social Influence: examining how individuals' thoughts and feelings are influenced by others, directly and indirectly.
    • Primary socialization: learning basic skills within society.
    • Secondary socialization: learning appropriate behaviors in particular environments.
    • Anticipatory socialization: learning how to behave in future social situations.
    • Resocialization: adapting to new social norms.
    • Feral children: children who develop outside of societal norms.
    • Isolated children: children who have been neglected.
    • Agents of socialization: institutions and relationships that teach humans norms and values of a culture impacting identity (how to think/act).
    • Social Identity: the characteristics and norms individuals identify with within or outside a particular culture, defining themselves in relation to their surroundings.
    • Social Roles, norms, sanctions: society's expectations, unwritten rules to behave and possible consequence for breaching them.
    • Social inequality: ability of some individuals and groups to access resources, privileges, and status that are denied to others, impacting social outcomes.
    • Groupthink: the pressure towards conformity within a group, impacting decision-making.
    • Social Institutions (family, religion, education, government, economy): societal structures that shape norms, values. and behaviors to ensure a cohesive and working society.
    • Social Institutions functions: satisfy needs, maintain social order, define roles, and ensure social unity.
    • Conformity - individuals adapting to their environment and the expectations of the group.
    • Conformity's positive and negative aspects - positive aspect is that individuals learn and integrate to the norms and values of a certain group that can support them, the negative aspect can be that individuals lose their own identities or perspectives due to pressure within a group or society.
    • Factors influencing conformity: group size, unanimity (agreement among members), public vs. private response, self-esteem.
    • Breaching Experiments: studying how people react when existing norms are broken.
    • Groupthink: when a group agrees at the expense of critical thinking.
    • The cost of conflict within a community: poor decisions, lost opportunity, broken trust, and diminished relationships/quality of work.
    • Marriage in different cultures: variations in marriage practices, legal changes, and cultural influences on marriage norms.
    • Race v. Ethnicity: differences in categorizing people based on physical appearance v. cultural identity, social construction of categories.
    • Cultural differences/influences on gender and behavior: varying interpretations and expectations within different social groups and communities on roles based on gender.
    • Challenges faced by marginalized groups within a dominant culture: issues like cultural identity loss (social assimilation), language barriers, and discrimination.
    • Rites of passage: significant life events, often marked by ceremonies.
    • Stages of Development Models (Piaget and Erikson): stages of cognitive and psychosocial growth, important for understanding how humans develop.
    • Psychosexual Stages (Freud): describes the main growth points of a human in their life, from infancy to adulthood, exploring needs, desires, and aspects of the desires.
    • Neuroses and psychoses: understanding mental health conditions, differentiating between mild/severe issues.
    • Motivation, attitude, and social thinking: influence on behavior.
    • Case studies in different cultures highlight societal expectations impacting gender roles, marriage practices, and other important aspects of social life.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Social Science Exam Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of fundamental concepts in social science. This quiz covers topics such as behaviorism, cultural norms, and significant theories from prominent psychologists. Challenge yourself with questions about the key ideas that shape our understanding of society and individuals.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser