Social Research Methods: Chapter 8 Sampling

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of nonprobability samples, except for convenience sampling?

To analyze the steps of the research process
To assess student learning
To create a highly representative sample of a population
For studies where the purpose is other than creating a highly representative sample (correct)

What is the importance of seeing the interconnections among all the steps of the research process?

To understand the purpose of nonprobability samples
To create a highly representative sample of a population
To see the relationships between the steps of the research process (correct)
To assess student learning

What is protected by United States copyright laws?

Research studies on nonprobability samples
The work provided to instructors for teaching purposes (correct)
The relationships between the steps of the research process
The purpose of nonprobability samples

Why should the work and materials from it not be made available to students?

To maintain its integrity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended purpose of the work and materials?

For pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is expected of recipients of the work?

To abide by the restrictions and honor the intended pedagogical purposes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of sampling in quantitative studies?

To create a representative sample (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a subject is selected in qualitative sampling?

The relevance to the research topic (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative sampling?

The goal of the research (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sampling in most empirical studies?

To create a representative sample (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of quantitative sampling?

How many cases in a population fall into various categories (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of qualitative sampling?

To deepen understanding about a larger process (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is sampling used in quantitative studies?

To create a representative sample (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of quantitative sampling?

The sample is representative of the larger population (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mistake researchers make when conducting sampling?

Conducting sampling in a sloppy or improper manner (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for selecting cases in convenience sampling?

Ease of access and availability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the large collection of elements being studied in a population?

Population (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of the sampling size to the target population called?

Sampling ratio (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred method for obtaining a representative sample?

Probability sampling (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unit of analysis or case in a population?

Sampling unit (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is quota sampling also known as?

Hazard sampling (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of quota sampling?

To obtain a representative sample of the population (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when deciding the sample size?

The desired level of precision (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using statistical equations in sampling?

To ensure a representative sample (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of probability sampling?

To obtain a representative sample (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of judgmental sampling?

To select a sample based on expert judgment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between probability and non-probability sampling?

The method of sample selection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deviant case sampling?

To study an extreme or unusual case (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sequential sampling?

To select a sample in a sequence or series (A) Signup and view all the answers

What should a sampling strategy match?

The study's specific purpose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using random sampling in research?

It allows researchers to calculate the sampling error (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a random-number table in random sampling?

To generate a list of random numbers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central limit theorem (CLT) in the context of random sampling?

A statistical concept that describes the sampling distribution (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a confidence interval in random sampling?

To provide a range of values within which the population parameter is likely to lie (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a simple random sample and a non-random sample?

The method of selection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sampling distribution in random sampling?

To provide a set of many different samples (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a computer program to generate random numbers in random sampling?

It is more precise and efficient (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of repeating the random sampling process many times in the example of the sampling distribution?

To demonstrate the central limit theorem (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sampling in Quantitative and Qualitative Studies

Most empirical studies use some form of sampling.
In quantitative studies, the primary use of sampling is to create a representative sample of a larger population.
In qualitative studies, sampling is used to deepen understanding about a larger process, relationship, or social scene.

Reasons for Sampling

Sampling is used in both quantitative and qualitative studies to:
Create a representative sample of a population.
Deepen understanding about a larger process, relationship, or social scene.

Strategies for Creating a Representative Sample

Probability sampling:
- Uses reasoning and applied mathematics.
- Is the preferred method for creating a representative sample.
Non-probability sampling:
- Convenience sampling:
  - Uses easily accessible cases.
  - Is not recommended for creating an accurate sample.
- Quota sampling:
  - Involves selecting cases based on specific criteria.
  - Is used to create a representative sample.

Probability Sampling Techniques

Random sampling:
- Involves randomly selecting cases from a population.
- Is the most likely method to represent the entire population.
Six ways to sample randomly:
- Simple random sampling
- Sampling distribution
- Central limit theorem (CLT)
- Confidence interval

Deciding the Sample Size

Two methods:
- Make assumptions about the population and use statistical equations about random sampling processes.
- Use a rule of thumb (a conventional or commonly accepted amount).
The smaller the population, the larger the sampling ratio has to be for a sample that has a high probability of yielding the same results as the entire population.

Strategies for Non-Representative Samples

Five nonrepresentative sampling techniques:
- Purposive or judgmental sampling
- Linked-traced sampling
  - Snowball sampling
  - Respondent-driven sampling
  - Adaptive sampling
Deviant case sampling
Sequential sampling
Theoretical sampling

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts of qualitative and quantitative sampling in social research methods, including probability and non-probability sampling techniques.