Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of subjects in Asch's original experiment totally resisted conformity?
What percentage of subjects in Asch's original experiment totally resisted conformity?
The fundamental attribution error suggests that we underestimate internal factors when evaluating the behavior of others.
The fundamental attribution error suggests that we underestimate internal factors when evaluating the behavior of others.
True
What effect does the presence of even one confederate giving a correct response have on the conformity of others in Asch's study?
What effect does the presence of even one confederate giving a correct response have on the conformity of others in Asch's study?
It virtually disappears.
The tendency to attribute our successes to _____ factors and our failures to _____ factors is known as self-serving bias.
The tendency to attribute our successes to _____ factors and our failures to _____ factors is known as self-serving bias.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of cultures is the self-serving bias more commonly found?
In which type of cultures is the self-serving bias more commonly found?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of Social Identity Theory?
What is the main focus of Social Identity Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Ross et al. (1977), participants rated the game show host as the least knowledgeable.
According to Ross et al. (1977), participants rated the game show host as the least knowledgeable.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four factors of Social Identity Theory (SIT)?
What are the four factors of Social Identity Theory (SIT)?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Tajfel, people have overly positive attitudes towards out-groups.
According to Tajfel, people have overly positive attitudes towards out-groups.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary goal of Tajfel's Social Identity Theory?
What was the primary goal of Tajfel's Social Identity Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In Sherif's Robber’s Cave Experiment, the two groups were named the __________ and the Rattlers.
In Sherif's Robber’s Cave Experiment, the two groups were named the __________ and the Rattlers.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What was the result of Sherif's cooperation activities between the two groups?
What was the result of Sherif's cooperation activities between the two groups?
Signup and view all the answers
Stereotypes can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
Stereotypes can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one reason commonly associated with the formation of stereotypes?
What is one reason commonly associated with the formation of stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the grain of truth hypothesis?
Which of the following best describes the grain of truth hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
The cognitive theory of socialization involves only direct instruction from agents like parents.
The cognitive theory of socialization involves only direct instruction from agents like parents.
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group?
What term describes the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ Doll Experiment is a famous study on observational learning.
The __________ Doll Experiment is a famous study on observational learning.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following studies with their findings:
Match the following studies with their findings:
Signup and view all the answers
What is one benefit of understanding stereotype threat?
What is one benefit of understanding stereotype threat?
Signup and view all the answers
Outgroup homogeneity refers to the tendency to see members of one's own group as more diverse than those in out-groups.
Outgroup homogeneity refers to the tendency to see members of one's own group as more diverse than those in out-groups.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one of the four main agents of socialization.
Name one of the four main agents of socialization.
Signup and view all the answers
What does social identity theory primarily focus on?
What does social identity theory primarily focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
Milgram's experiment primarily aimed to study conformity.
Milgram's experiment primarily aimed to study conformity.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the percentage of participants who delivered the full range of electric shocks in the Milgram experiment?
What was the percentage of participants who delivered the full range of electric shocks in the Milgram experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
Milgram's experiment involved deceiving subjects regarding administering __________ electric shocks.
Milgram's experiment involved deceiving subjects regarding administering __________ electric shocks.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following ethical considerations with their descriptions:
Match the following ethical considerations with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of social psychology, what is the significance of confederates?
In the context of social psychology, what is the significance of confederates?
Signup and view all the answers
The Milgram experiment included ethical practices as per modern standards.
The Milgram experiment included ethical practices as per modern standards.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the perceived role of participants assigned to the 'teacher' in Milgram's study?
What was the perceived role of participants assigned to the 'teacher' in Milgram's study?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical component for a learner to perform an action according to social cognitive theory?
What is a critical component for a learner to perform an action according to social cognitive theory?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Bandura's research, children do not tend to model the aggressive behavior of adults.
According to Bandura's research, children do not tend to model the aggressive behavior of adults.
Signup and view all the answers
What did Anderson & Bushman's (2001) meta-analysis reveal about violent media and children's behavior?
What did Anderson & Bushman's (2001) meta-analysis reveal about violent media and children's behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Bobo Doll Study, children were shown an adult beating up the ______.
In the Bobo Doll Study, children were shown an adult beating up the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the researchers with their contributions:
Match the researchers with their contributions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which cognitive variable makes measuring behavior in social cognitive theory challenging?
Which cognitive variable makes measuring behavior in social cognitive theory challenging?
Signup and view all the answers
Children already displaying aggressive behavior are attracted to violent media according to Bushman's argument.
Children already displaying aggressive behavior are attracted to violent media according to Bushman's argument.
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant finding of the study conducted by Charlton et al. regarding TV and violence?
What was a significant finding of the study conducted by Charlton et al. regarding TV and violence?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- This unit focuses on social identity theory, social cognitive theory, and the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior.
- References to relevant studies will be included.
The Sociocultural Approach
- Social psychology examines how thoughts, actions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others.
- Cultural psychology explains shared rules, values, and customs.
Ethical Issues in Social Psychology
- Deception is often used in social psychology studies to reduce demand characteristics in participants.
- Confederates (actors) are sometimes used to achieve this.
- Many famous studies predate ethical guidelines set by the APA.
The Milgram Experiment
- Stanley Milgram (1963) conducted a famous study on obedience.
- His interest stemmed from events during WWII to understand how ordinary people could participate in atrocious actions.
- Participants were assigned the roles of "teacher" and "learner." The learner was a confederate.
- Subjects were deceived to believe shocks were being administered to the learner.
- As shock levels increased, the learner protested, but the experimenter urged the participants to continue.
- 65% of participants delivered the full range of electric shocks.
The Milgram Machine
- The device used in the experiment, showing the progressive levels of shock to be administered.
The Milgram Experiment (continued)
- Obedience was strongest when the learner was in a separate room and the experimenter appeared authoritative.
- Deception was used in the study, including false aims, fake shocks and scripted reactions from the confederate.
Asch's Conformity Study
- Solomon Asch (1951) investigated the effects of group pressure on conformity.
- Participants were told they were involved in a study of line length perception.
- A group of confederates gave incorrect answers, aiming to observe the subject’s reaction.
- The subject always sat second to last.
- Only 24% of participants resisted conformity pressure.
- The presence of even one dissenter eliminated conformity pressures.
- Deception was utilized, but more responsibly compared to other studies.
Attribution
- Attribution examines the causes of behaviors.
- Factors can be internal (dispositional), related to personality, or external (situational), based on the surrounding environment.
- Fundamental attribution error: People often overestimate internal factors when observing others.
- Actor-observer bias: We tend to attribute our own behavior to external factors.
- Fundamental attribution error is more common in individualistic cultures.
Self-Serving Bias
- When successful, we usually attribute it to internal factors.
- When unsuccessful, we typically attribute it to external factors.
- Self-serving bias helps boost self-esteem.
- Modesty bias is its opposite and more common in collectivist societies.
Social Identity Theory
- Social identity theory examines how attitudes relate to group membership.
- Key components:
- Social categorization: dividing people into ingroups and outgroups.
- Social identification: identifying with a group and adopting its values.
- Social comparison: evaluating the ingroup's benefits against the outgroup.
- Positive distinctiveness: the belief that the ingroup is superior.
- Tajfel: goal of social identity theory is enhancing self-esteem through group membership.
- People show favoritism towards ingroups and negativity towards outgroups.
- Example: Tajfel et al. (1971) study where boys were organized based on their preference for art styles demonstrated in-group bias.
Robber's Cave Experiment
- Muzafer Sherif (1958) observed ethnocentrism by creating two equal groups at a camp (Eagles and Rattlers).
- The groups were isolated initially and then competed in activities.
- Each group felt their group was superior.
- Hostilities arose between the groups through fights and camp raids.
- Cooperation, created through shared emergencies, resulted in more positive views between them.
- Cooperation showed groups could be viewed in a broader perspective.
Stereotypes
- Stereotypes are beliefs about common traits of group members.
- Stereotypes can be harmful as they distort group perception, resulting in prejudice and discrimination.
- Common explanations for stereotypes are schemas and social identity theory (SIT).
Stereotypes (Schema)
- Schema theory suggests that stereotypes stem from automatic assumptions derived from past experiences.
- The "grain of truth" hypothesis explains how stereotypes are overgeneralizations.
- The role of attributional errors in stereotyping may not be fully explained by this theory.
Stereotypes (Social Identity Theory)
- Identification with a group often leads to stereotyping of outgroups (outgroup homogeneity).
- Studies show that remembering information associated with particular groups (like a librarian or waitress shown) relies on existing stereotypes.
Stereotype Threat
- Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group.
- This anxiety can lead to decreased performance and a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- The opposite is stereotype boost (positive stereotype effects).
- Studies involving race, age, gender have shown significant effects.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning is acquiring a skill by imitating others (models).
- Also called vicarious conditioning.
- Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment (1961) is a famous study in this area.
Social Cognitive Theory
- Socialization is the process of learning acceptable societal behaviors.
- Major agents include parents, peers, schools, and media.
- Learning can occur directly through instruction or indirectly through observed models.
- Key example: development of acceptable gender roles.
Social Cognitive Theory (mediating variables)
- Social Cognitive Theory is based on four factors:
- Attention: proper focus during learning.
- Retention: remembering the learned information.
- Motor Reproduction: physical ability to reproduce the actions.
- Motivation: want to learn and perform the actions.
- Other variables such as self-efficacy can also play a role.
Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
- Bandura's Bobo Doll study investigated whether aggressive behavior could be copied by children from observing adult models.
- Children who observed an aggressive model displayed more aggressive behavior themselves.
TV and Video Game Violence
- Research by Anderson & Bushman (2001) found a correlation between media violence exposure and aggressive behavior.
- Directionality needs to be considered - do children exposed to violent media become aggressive, or are aggressive children more drawn to such media?
Is Social Cognitive Theory True?
- Gergely et al. (2002) showed infants could imitate unexpected behaviours exhibited by adults. (Not simply copying).
- Charlton et al. (2002) studied a remote island when TV was introduced and found no increase in aggression. This contradicted some social learning predictions.
Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
- Strengths: Strong research support, explains how behavior is passed down through generations, and expands on past learning theories.
- Weaknesses: Cognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy) are difficult to measure, and learning does not always translate to demonstrated behavior. Research has contradicted some predictions of SCT.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores key concepts of social identity theory, social cognitive theory, and the formation of stereotypes. It also addresses ethical concerns related to social psychology research, including famous studies like the Milgram experiment. Test your understanding of how social interactions shape behaviors and the ethical implications involved.
