Questions and Answers
What is the definition of Informational Social Influence?
What is Normative Social Influence?
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
What does the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) propose?
A theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change: a central route and a peripheral route
What is Reciprocity?
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What is Scapegoat Theory?
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What does Ethnocentrism mean?
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Define Altruism.
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What is a Social Group?
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What are Norms?
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What are Roles in the context of a group?
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What was the Latane & Darley Study about?
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What did the Sherif Study reveal?
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What did the Rosenthal & Jacobson Study aim to test?
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What was the focus of the Zimbardo Study?
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Define Out-Group Homogeneity.
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What is In-Group Bias?
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What are Dispositional Factors?
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What are Situational Factors?
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What are Superordinate Goals?
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What is the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?
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What does Attribution Theory suggest?
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Define Actor-Observer Bias.
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What is the Central Route of Persuasion?
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What does the Peripheral Route of Persuasion involve?
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Define Instrumental Aggression.
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What is Hostile Aggression?
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What is the False-Consensus Effect?
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What did the Milgram Study investigate?
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What was the Asch Study about?
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What was the conclusion of the Festinger Study?
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Define Stereotypes.
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What is Prejudice?
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What does Discrimination refer to?
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What is the Just-World Phenomenon?
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What does Conformity mean?
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Define Compliance.
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What is the Foot-In-The-Door phenomenon?
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What is Cognitive Dissonance?
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What is the Bystander Effect?
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What does Door-In-The-Face refer to?
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What is Social Loafing?
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Define Deindividuation.
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What is Social Facilitation?
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What is Group Polarization?
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What does Groupthink refer to?
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What is Diffusion of Responsibility?
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Define Fundamental Attribution Error.
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What is Self-Serving Bias?
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What is a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
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What does the Mere Exposure Effect suggest?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology Key Terms
- Informational Social Influence: Acceptance of others' opinions about reality, influencing personal beliefs or behaviors.
- Normative Social Influence: Desire for approval or to avoid disapproval leads to conformity to group norms.
- Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): Persuasive appeals affect attitude change via two routes: central (logic-based) and peripheral (superficial cues).
- Reciprocity: The principle that doing something for someone creates an obligation for them to return the favor.
- Scapegoat Theory: Prejudice serves as an outlet for anger by providing a target for blame.
- Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group over others.
- Altruism: Unselfish concern for the welfare of others, characterized by selfless acts.
- Social Group: A collection of individuals who interact and share a sense of unity.
- Norms: Established rules and expectations that guide societal behavior.
- Roles: Different positions within a group, each accompanied by specific norms.
- Latane & Darley Study: Demonstrated pluralistic ignorance; individuals are less likely to respond to emergencies when others are passive.
- Sherif Study: Showed that competition can foster intergroup hostility, which can be mitigated through cooperation on shared goals.
- Rosenthal & Jacobson Study: Explored the Pygmalion Effect, finding that expectations influence student performance.
- Zimbardo Study: Investigated how assigned roles (prison guards or prisoners) can impact behavior and social dynamics.
- Out-Group Homogeneity: The tendency to perceive individuals from outside one's group as more similar than they might be.
- In-Group Bias: Preferring members of one's own group over those from outside the group.
- Dispositional Factors: Personal characteristics that are seen as the primary cause of an individual’s behavior.
- Situational Factors: Environmental influences that can affect behavior.
- Superordinate Goals: Goals that require cooperation among different groups and unify individuals towards a common end.
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Argues that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior.
- Attribution Theory: Framework for understanding how individuals explain causes of behavior, attributing it to either situational or dispositional factors.
- Actor-Observer Bias: A cognitive bias where one's own behavior is attributed to external factors, while others' behaviors are attributed to internal characteristics.
- Central Route of Persuasion: Involves presenting facts and evidence to appeal to a thoughtful audience, resulting in stable attitude change.
- Peripheral Route of Persuasion: Uses superficial cues (like attractiveness) to persuade, leading to less stable attitude change.
- Instrumental Aggression: Aggression as a means to achieve a goal, not primarily to cause pain.
- Hostile Aggression: Aggression driven by anger aimed explicitly at inflicting harm.
- False-Consensus Effect: The tendency to overestimate how much others agree with our beliefs and behaviors.
- Milgram Study: Investigated obedience to authority, revealing people's willingness to inflict harm under authoritative commands.
- Asch Study: Examined conformity, demonstrating that individuals often conform to incorrect group answers.
- Festinger Study: Explored cognitive dissonance, showing that people may change beliefs to align with their actions when insufficient justification is provided.
- Stereotypes: Generalized beliefs about groups that influence perceptions of individual members.
- Prejudice: An unfavorable attitude toward a group or individual without adequate personal experience.
- Discrimination: Negative behaviors directed at a group or its members, often unjustified.
- Just-World Phenomenon: The belief that the world is just, leading to the perception that individuals get what they deserve.
- Conformity: Adjusting attitudes or behaviors to align with group norms.
- Compliance: Yielding to a request or command from others.
- Foot-In-The-Door Technique: A strategy where a small request is followed by a larger request, often leading to compliance.
- Cognitive Dissonance: Psychological discomfort arising from conflicting attitudes or behaviors.
- Bystander Effect: The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in emergencies when others are present.
- Door-In-The-Face Technique: A strategy where an initial large request is made, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.
- Social Loafing: The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group context compared to when they are accountable individually.
- Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in group settings, leading to decreased personal accountability.
- Social Facilitation: Improved performance of well-mastered tasks in the presence of others, with the opposite effect on difficult tasks.
- Group Polarization: Discussion within a group can enhance the group's prevailing attitudes.
- Groupthink: A mode of decision-making that prioritizes harmony over realistic assessments of alternatives.
- Diffusion of Responsibility: Reduced personal responsibility experienced by individuals in a group, contributing to phenomena like the bystander effect.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to overestimate personal traits and underestimate situational factors in others' behaviors.
- Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to attribute personal successes to internal factors while blaming failures on external circumstances.
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations that cause individuals to act in ways that confirm those expectations.
- Mere Exposure Effect: Increased liking of stimuli upon repeated exposure.
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Test your knowledge of key terms in social psychology with this flashcard quiz. Each card presents a concept and its definition, helping you to better understand informational and normative social influence, as well as the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Ideal for students and enthusiasts of psychology.