Aggression Theories and Influences

<p>It triggers anger and frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggressive content increases aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximizing rewards and minimizing costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of many bystanders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To return help if received</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mix of selfless and self-serving considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces likelihood to help</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased liking through repeated exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People perceive average looks as more attractive after exposure to more attractive peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consummate love</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may help others to alleviate their guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frustration triggers a readiness to engage in aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warm temperatures exceeding 90°F.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People imitate aggressive behaviors seen in media or others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to feelings of anger due to perceived inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain chemicals, like alcohol, can increase aggression when provoked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People are less likely to help when there are other bystanders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empathy towards the person in need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increased liking due to repeated exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often focus on their own issues and help less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is expected that people will help those in need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men are more likely to help in dangerous situations compared to women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rewards from relationships are critical to their formation and sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common attitudes and interests tend to breed attraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the likelihood of helping to relieve feelings of guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passion, intimacy, and commitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal attribution focuses on personality traits, while external attribution considers environmental or situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three key components are consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FAE is the tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences in others' behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High consensus indicates that many others behave similarly, leading to an external attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High distinctiveness suggests an external attribution, as the actor's behavior is unique to the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normative influence drives individuals to conform in order to gain social approval and avoid rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foot-in-the-door technique involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity increases when one's response is visible to others, and decreases when it is private.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central route involves deep, critical thinking about the arguments presented, while the peripheral route relies on superficial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingratiation techniques, such as flattery, can increase compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits such as high agreeableness or low self-esteem may lead individuals to conform more readily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underage drinking demonstrates reactance as individuals rebel against perceived restrictions on their autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door-in-the-face technique starts with a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-quality arguments are well-structured and supported with credible evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage higher levels of conformity compared to individualistic cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scarcity can create urgency, leading individuals to comply with requests when they perceive an item or opportunity as limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A credible communicator, perceived as expert and trustworthy, is more likely to influence attitudes and beliefs effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional appeals can sway audiences who are not deeply engaged with the topic, influencing their attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If individuals perceive the fear-based message as exaggerated or unrealistic, its persuasive effect may diminish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When observing others, we focus on internal attributes, attributing their actions to their personality or disposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures encourage internal attributions, while collectivist cultures lead to more situational explanations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is known as rosy retrospection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when an individual's beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that one should assess an individual's average behavior across various situations to evaluate their attitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-justification involves changing one's beliefs to align with behaviors, especially when those behaviors conflict with personal values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is referred to as the misinformation effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming uses stimuli to trigger associations, making certain memories more accessible based on previous exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milgram's study illustrated how ordinary people could follow unethical instructions from authority figures due to perceived legitimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of 3-5 people in a group can lead to increased conformity among its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient justification occurs when the reward for a behavior is not enough to justify it, often leading to cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social validation influences individuals to behave in ways that gain approval and acceptance from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In educational contexts, teachers' expectations can influence students' performance, leading students to fulfill those expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity involves changing behavior to align with group norms, compliance is adhering to rules to avoid punishment, and obedience is following direct orders from authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehumanization leads to emotional distance from victims, making it easier for individuals to follow orders that harm others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repetitive messages are more persuasive and can increase the believability of the information presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Media influences opinion leaders. 2. Opinion leaders transmit information to the final audience.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High self-esteem individuals are more confident in their beliefs, making them less susceptible to persuasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitude inoculation strengthens an individual’s existing attitudes by exposing them to counterarguments beforehand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to people or stimuli increases liking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical attractiveness influences perceptions and is associated with socially desirable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarity breeds attraction, while dissimilarity often leads to dislike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frustration-aggression theory posits that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary effect indicates that early presented information is often more persuasive, while the recency effect shows later information can be persuasive as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggression can be learned through observational learning, as demonstrated in the Bobo Doll Experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making a public commitment can enhance an individual's resistance to contrary persuasive messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Income inequality can trigger feelings of frustration and anger, which may lead to increased aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media influences opinion leaders, who then play a significant role in shaping the opinions of the general public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain can lead to an increased likelihood of aggressive behavior as a response to distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding attributional styles helps individuals recognize whether behaviors are due to internal traits or external circumstances, promoting empathy and reducing misunderstandings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FAE causes individuals to overemphasize personality traits while underestimating situational factors in others' behaviors, leading to biased judgments and misunderstandings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High consensus indicates external attributions, low consensus suggests internal attributions; high distinctiveness leads to external attributions, while low distinctiveness indicates internal attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High consistency suggests that a person's behavior is consistent across different situations, often leading to internal attributions regarding their personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing FAE prompts individuals to question their initial judgments and consider situational factors, improving analytical reasoning and reducing biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normative influence is the desire to gain social approval and avoid rejection, leading individuals to conform to group norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door-in-the-face technique involves starting with a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity increases when individual responses are visible to the public, as people desire to fit in and avoid negative judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collectivistic cultures tend to promote conformity to group norms, while individualistic cultures emphasize personal autonomy and self-expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attractive communicators are often more persuasive because they can capture audience attention and enhance both central and peripheral routes to persuasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central route to persuasion involves deep processing of arguments, characterized by high involvement and careful consideration of the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactance is the tendency to rebel against perceived threats to autonomy, often manifesting in behaviors such as underage drinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lowball procedure involves initially pitching an attractive offer, then increasing the costs once commitment is made to secure compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional appeal can significantly enhance the effectiveness of the peripheral route by engaging the audience's feelings rather than requiring critical thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sleeper effect occurs when a message from a low-credibility source initially fails to persuade but becomes more influential over time as the source is forgotten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingratiation involves using flattery or other forms of affection to gain favor, making the target more likely to comply with requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear can be effective in motivating behavior change when it highlights potential dangers and offers solutions, prompting action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public commitment increases conformity as individuals are less likely to retract their stated positions afterward due to social pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active experience-based attitudes lead to a stronger persuasion because they involve direct engagement, while passive reception may be more effective on minor issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle of aggregation suggests that one must assess a person's average behavior across different situations to determine their attitude, rather than relying on isolated behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-step flow of communication involves media influencing opinion leaders, who then inform the final audience. This is significant because it highlights the role of intermediaries in spreading information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures tend to emphasize dispositional explanations for behavior, while collectivistic cultures focus more on situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary effect is the tendency for information presented early to be more persuasive. It can shape how subsequent information is interpreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when one's beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent, which may lead individuals to adjust their beliefs to align with their behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A highly credible message makes it difficult for individuals to maintain discrepant views, increasing the likelihood of opinion or behavior change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-justification is the process by which individuals rationalize their behaviors to align with their attitudes, leading to attitude change when behaviors conflict with beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frustration triggers a readiness for aggression, though revised theories suggest it may not always lead to aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autokinetic effect refers to the optical illusion where a stationary point of light in a dark room appears to move, which participants often interpret differently until a group norm is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitude inoculation strengthens existing beliefs by exposing individuals to counterarguments before they encounter persuasive messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical attractiveness often leads to the perception of positive social traits, such as being nicer or more friendly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Asch line experiment demonstrated that individuals are likely to conform to a group's incorrect judgement even when they know the correct answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to individuals increases liking and attraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overconfidence phenomenon involves individuals overestimating the accuracy of their beliefs, often leading to poor decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The misinformation effect occurs when post-event information alters an individual's recollection of an original event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hostile aggression is driven by anger, whereas instrumental aggression is used to achieve a specific goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy is the phenomenon where a person's belief or expectation about another person influences their behavior towards that person, thereby confirming the original belief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media influences, particularly violent content, can increase aggressive behavior in individuals, especially towards women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rosy retrospection refers to the tendency of individuals to remember past events more favorably than they actually occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and political attitudes often shift with age, where younger individuals tend to be more liberal and older individuals more conservative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contrast effect occurs when individuals perceive someone as less attractive after viewing more attractive people, such as those in pornography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming is when exposure to a stimulus influences an individual's subsequent behavior or thought processes, often without conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals are motivated to like those who reciprocate their feelings, as this fosters positive social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehumanization, legitimacy of authority, and institutional authority are key factors that increase obedience to commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role-playing can lead individuals to adopt attitudes consistent with the roles they perform, influencing their beliefs and behaviors over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two-sided arguments are more effective when the audience is aware of opposing views, as they provide a balanced perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preconceptions arise when existing beliefs filter social information, leading to biased interpretations based on prior knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as pain, heat, and perceived threats can elevate aggression levels in individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal attribution focuses on personality traits to explain behavior, while external attribution emphasizes situational or environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High distinctiveness suggests that the individual behaves differently in different situations, leading observers to attribute the behavior to external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FAE indicates that people tend to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences when explaining others' behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low consensus indicates that few others behave similarly, leading to an internal attribution that focuses on the individual's characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High consistency suggests the behavior is stable and linked to internal factors, while low consistency indicates variability, pointing to external influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We focus on external factors for our own actions (external attribution) and internal factors for others' actions (internal attribution).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when one's beliefs contradict their behaviors or values. It often leads individuals to change their beliefs to align with their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures tend to encourage dispositional explanations for behavior, while collectivist cultures often highlight situational factors. This reflects the varying emphasis on personal versus group identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming is a stimulus that triggers associations in memory, making it easier to recall related information. Positive words, for example, can enhance recall of positive memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle of aggregation refers to assessing one's attitudes based on average behavior across different situations, rather than single instances. This provides a more accurate representation of underlying attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-justification occurs when individuals feel cognitive dissonance due to a conflict between their beliefs and actions, prompting them to alter their beliefs to reduce the tension. For example, a smoker may downplay the health risks of smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as dehumanization of the victim, the legitimacy of the authority figure, and institutional authority significantly increase rates of obedience. Participants often comply due to perceived authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memories are constructed based on feelings and expectations following an event, leading to the integration of new information. Variables such as emotional state can significantly alter the recall of these memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs, leading to potential errors in judgment. This can prevent individuals from recognizing the limitations of their knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when an individual's beliefs about a person or situation lead them to act in ways that confirm those beliefs, influencing the behavior of others. For instance, if a teacher expects a student to excel, they may offer more support, leading to improved performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The misinformation effect occurs when false information is introduced after an event, leading individuals to incorporate that misinformation into their memories, often creating inaccuracies in recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role-playing allows individuals to adopt behaviors associated with a particular social position, which can lead to a change in attitudes consistent with those behaviors, as seen in the Stanford experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impression management refers to the strategies individuals use to influence how others perceive them, often to gain social validation or approval. It can drive behavior to align with what is socially acceptable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary motive is to gain social approval and avoid rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It starts with a small request, which leads to a larger request later on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity increases when responses are visible to the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves presenting an attractive offer first, then increasing the cost after acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central route emphasizes deep processing and quality of arguments, while the peripheral route relies on superficial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactance is the resistance or rebellion against perceived threats to one's autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attractiveness and similarity to the audience enhance persuasive effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It begins with a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage conformity more than individualistic cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sleeper effect describes how a low credibility source may be initially rejected but can influence attitudes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear messages effectively motivate behavior change by highlighting potential dangers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arguing against one's own self-interest can enhance perceived trustworthiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public commitment makes individuals less likely to withdraw from their original position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive emotions can create a favorable association, leading to increased receptivity toward the message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scarcity can entice individuals into compliance by making an offer appear more desirable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deeply involved people are more resistant to discrepant views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary effect suggests that information presented earlier is more persuasive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-sided arguments are most effective when the audience is already in agreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitude inoculation is the process of strengthening an individual's existing beliefs by exposing them to counterarguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Easy messages are more persuasive in video format, while difficult messages are more persuasive in written format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-step flow of communication involves media influencing opinion leaders, who then transmit information to the final audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher physical attractiveness often leads to positive perceptions of personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere exposure effect indicates that repeated exposure to someone increases liking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarity breeds liking and shared interests, fostering stronger friendships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People with low self-esteem may struggle to comprehend arguments, making them more vulnerable to persuasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frustration triggers a readiness to aggression, although it may not directly lead to aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arousal can heighten feelings of aggression, as seen in situations like roller coasters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol can unleash aggression when individuals are provoked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contrast effect refers to how frequent exposure to highly attractive people can make average-looking individuals seem less attractive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making a public commitment strengthens an individual's stance, making them less susceptible to persuasive messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers