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Questions and Answers
What is the self?
What is the self?
The self is composed of our thoughts and beliefs about ourselves, 'me', including our self-concept and self-awareness.
What is self-concept?
What is self-concept?
The content of the self; it includes our knowledge about who we are.
What is self-awareness?
What is self-awareness?
The act of thinking about ourselves.
What are the two distinct ways the self can be characterized?
What are the two distinct ways the self can be characterized?
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At what age does self-recognition develop?
At what age does self-recognition develop?
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What are the cultural differences in defining the self?
What are the cultural differences in defining the self?
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What is the independent view of the self?
What is the independent view of the self?
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What is the interdependent view of the self?
What is the interdependent view of the self?
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Describe gender differences in defining the self with reference to women.
Describe gender differences in defining the self with reference to women.
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Describe gender differences in defining the self with reference to men.
Describe gender differences in defining the self with reference to men.
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What are the sources of self-concept?
What are the sources of self-concept?
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Define introspection.
Define introspection.
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What are the problems with introspection?
What are the problems with introspection?
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What does self-awareness theory propose?
What does self-awareness theory propose?
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What are causal theories?
What are causal theories?
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What is reasons-generated attitude change?
What is reasons-generated attitude change?
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What is self-perception theory?
What is self-perception theory?
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Define intrinsic motivation.
Define intrinsic motivation.
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Define extrinsic motivation.
Define extrinsic motivation.
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What is the overjustification effect?
What is the overjustification effect?
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What are task-contingent rewards?
What are task-contingent rewards?
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What are performance-contingent rewards?
What are performance-contingent rewards?
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What is Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion?
What is Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion?
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Study Notes
The Self
- Comprises thoughts and beliefs about oneself, known as "me."
- Consists of self-concept (knowledge of self) and self-awareness.
Self-Concept and Self-Awareness
- Self-concept: Content reflecting knowledge about who we are, known as "I."
- Self-awareness: The process of contemplating one's own existence and characteristics.
Characterizing the Self
- Two levels: Personal level (unique individual identity) and Social level (group membership).
- Personal perspective involves intra-group comparisons; social perspective involves intergroup comparisons.
Development of Self-Recognition
- Self-recognition typically develops around age two and becomes more complex with age.
Cultural Perspectives on Self
- Independent view: Defines self through personal thoughts and actions unique to oneself.
- Interdependent view: Defines self in relation to social connections and the influence of others.
Gender Differences in Self-Definition
- Women exhibit relational interdependence, focusing on deep personal relationships (e.g., feelings about family).
- Men demonstrate collective interdependence, emphasizing group identity (e.g., nationality or broader affiliations).
Sources of Self-Concept
- Introspection: Self-observation of personal thoughts and experiences.
- Self-Perception: Understanding of self gained from observing behaviors.
- Social Comparison: Evaluating oneself in relation to others.
- Feedback from others: Influence of external perceptions on self-view.
Challenges of Introspection
- Thoughts are private and may not be fully accessible; introspection may not reveal the reasons behind feelings.
Self-Awareness Theory
- Focus on oneself leads to evaluation and comparison of behavior against personal standards and values.
Causal Theories
- Ideas about the causes behind feelings and behaviors, often shaped by cultural context.
Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
- Attitudes may shift based on reason reflection; people align attitudes with easily verbalized reasons.
Self-Perception Theory
- Suggests we infer attitudes and feelings from observed behaviors when initial states are ambiguous.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction or pleasure in tasks.
- Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or the threat of punishment.
Overjustification Effect
- When external rewards diminish intrinsic motivation, resulting in decreased performance once the reward is removed.
Types of Rewards
- Task-Contingent Rewards: Given for task completion regardless of performance quality.
- Performance-Contingent Rewards: Given based on how well a task is executed.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
- Proposes emotional experiences arise from two steps: physiological arousal followed by seeking an explanation for that arousal.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in social psychology related to the self. This quiz covers definitions of the self, self-concept, and self-awareness, providing a quick review of core ideas. Perfect for anyone studying social psychology or preparing for exams.
