69 Questions
What are the key characteristics when forming first impressions?
Trustworthiness/warmth and competence/dominance
Which factor influences overall perception by presenting information first?
Primacy effect
What is the term for applying the schema of someone known to understand someone new?
Transference
Why are first impressions not accurate according to the text?
They may pick up on facial expressions influenced by fleeting emotions, not representative of personality
According to Freud's theory, which part of personality represents immediate gratification?
Id
During which stage of Freud's psychosocial development do conflicts such as the Oedipus and Electra complexes occur?
Phallic stage
Which Neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood?
Karen Horney
According to Freud, what does the preconscious mind contain?
Memories that can be accessed
According to Freud, what are the three levels of awareness in his theory?
Unconscious, subconscious, conscious
Which part of personality represents morality according to Freud's theory?
Superego
What is normative social influence?
Pressure to conform to gain approval & avoid disapproval
What is social facilitation?
Working towards a goal where individual efforts are evaluated
What is social loafing?
Not pulling your weight, individual efforts will not be evaluated
What was the focus of the Milgram Studies?
Blind obedience to someone presenting authority in a white coat
What did the Burger Study replicate from the Milgram study?
Replicated Milgram study in 2009 (Voltage max at 150V)
What is instrumental aggression?
Goal is to achieve something (social, emotional, physical)
What characterizes hostile aggression?
Reactive -> Goal to hurt another person
What do theories of aggression consider?
Gender differences in aggression
What influences neural influences on aggression?
Complicated behavior, no one area controls it
What environmental factors can influence aggression?
Painful incidents, heat/hot weather, crowding, social provocation
What characterizes prosocial behavior?
Actions intended to benefit others (helping, sharing, cooperating, comforting)
According to attachment theory, why do infants develop strong emotional bonds with caretakers?
As a survival strategy
What does attribution theory explain?
How people attribute the cause of experiences and behaviors to internal or external factors
What is the impact of self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error?
They affect how individuals perceive and attribute the causes of actions
In which type of society are situational factors often overlooked in favor of internal factors?
Individualistic societies
How are stereotypes perpetuated?
Learned and perpetuated from one's environment
What can social categorization lead to?
In-group favoritism and out-group derogation
What are the two forms in which racism can manifest?
Overt or symbolic racism
What did the Robber's Cave Study demonstrate?
The impact of competition and contact hypothesis on reducing stereotypes
What does social identity theory explain?
In-group favoritism and out-group derogation
What are the two types of attitudes mentioned?
Explicit or implicit attitudes
What does cognitive dissonance theory explain?
The conflict between actions and attitudes, leading to post-decision dissonance
What is the tendency to remember information encountered first and how it influences overall perception called?
Primacy effect: tendency to remember info we encounter first, influencing your overall perception.
What is the term for the strategies used to influence impressions such as self-promotion, ingratiation, exemplification, intimidation, and supplication?
Impression management: strategies used to influence impressions.
What is the tendency to overestimate the commonality between oneself and other people called?
False consensus effect: tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people’s beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own.
Why are first impressions not accurate according to the text?
They may pick up on facial expressions influenced by fleeting emotions not representative of personality.
What does the Robber's Cave Study demonstrate?
The impact of competition and contact hypothesis on reducing stereotypes
What is the impact of self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error?
They affect how individuals perceive and attribute the causes of actions
What does social identity theory explain?
In-group favoritism and out-group derogation
What does cognitive dissonance theory explain?
The conflict between actions and attitudes, leading to post-decision dissonance
How do individualistic societies tend to perceive situational factors?
Overlook them in favor of internal factors
What characterizes overt racism?
Explicit forms of discrimination and prejudice
What is the focus of informational social influence?
To conform based on the desire to behave correctly or gain an understanding of the world.
What is the characteristic effect of social categorization?
Simplifies the environment but can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
What are stereotypes learned and perpetuated from?
One's environment.
What characterizes symbolic racism?
Indirect forms of discrimination.
What is the focus of central route persuasion?
Engaging individuals with strong, logical arguments.
What is the main difference between social facilitation and social loafing?
Social facilitation involves individual efforts being evaluated, while social loafing does not.
What characterizes normative social influence?
Pressure to conform in order to gain approval and avoid disapproval
What was the key finding of the Burger Study that replicated the Milgram study?
Voltage maxed at 150V in the replication
What distinguishes instrumental aggression from hostile aggression?
Instrumental aggression aims to achieve a goal, while hostile aggression aims to hurt another person.
What are the neural influences on aggression according to the text?
Aggression is a complicated behavior and no single area of the brain controls it.
What characterizes prosocial behavior?
Behavior intended to help others with no expectation of personal benefit
According to Freud's theory, what is the id responsible for?
Immediate gratification
Which Neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the concept of collective unconscious and archetypes?
Carl Jung
What did Karen Horney identify as three neurotic personality patterns?
Moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people
According to Freud's psychosocial stages of personality development, what concept is associated with erogenous zones and fixation?
Erogenous zones and fixation
What did Alfred Adler's "striving for superiority" refer to?
"Overcoming feelings of inferiority"
In Freud's theory, what does the preconscious mind contain?
Memories that can be accessed
What part of personality does the superego represent according to Freud's theory?
Morality
What did Maslow's humanistic theories emphasize?
Conscious free will and personal growth
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and loneliness?
Avoidant PD
Which personality disorder is associated with a pervasive detachment from social relationships and a preference for solitary activities?
Schizoid PD
Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?
Borderline PD
Which personality disorder is associated with excessive attention-seeking behavior and dramatic emotional displays?
Histrionic PD
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme need to be taken care of, clingy behavior, and constant helplessness?
Dependent PD
"Grandiosity" and "lack of empathy" are key characteristics of which personality disorder?
Narcissistic PD
Which personality disorder is associated with excessive concern for order and control, preoccupation with rules, and rigid stubbornness?
Obsessive-compulsive PD
Which personality disorder is characterized by recurrent suicidal behaviors, unstable emotions, and impulsive behavior?
Borderline PD
Study Notes
Social Psychology Overview
- Attribution theory explains how people attribute the cause of experiences and behaviors to internal or external factors.
- Self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error affect how individuals perceive and attribute the causes of actions.
- Individualistic societies tend to overlook situational factors in favor of internal factors, while collectivistic societies are more sensitive to situational factors.
- Stereotypes are learned and perpetuated from one's environment and can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
- Social categorization simplifies the environment but can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
- Racism can manifest as overt or symbolic racism, with the latter being indirect forms of discrimination.
- The Robber's Cave Study demonstrated the impact of competition and contact hypothesis on reducing stereotypes.
- Social identity theory explains in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
- Attitudes can be explicit or implicit, and persuasion can occur through central or peripheral routes.
- Cognitive dissonance theory explains the conflict between actions and attitudes, leading to post-decision dissonance.
- Social influence and social norms shape behaviors and preferences, leading to conformity and obedience.
- Informational social influence leads individuals to conform based on the desire to behave correctly or gain an understanding of the world.
Freudian Theory and Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality
- Freud's theory includes three levels of awareness: conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind
- The conscious mind is what a person is presently aware of, while the preconscious mind contains memories that can be accessed and the unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts and motivations
- The id, ego, and superego are the three parts of personality, with the id representing immediate gratification, the ego representing reality, and the superego representing morality
- Unhealthy personalities develop when there is an imbalance between the id, ego, and superego
- Freud's psychosocial stages of personality development include erogenous zones and the concept of fixation
- The anal-retentive and anal-expulsive personalities develop during toilet training based on the child's reaction to the training
- Conflicts during the phallic stage include the Oedipus and Electra conflicts
- Neo-Freudian theories include Carl Jung's collective unconscious and archetypes, Alfred Adler's "striving for superiority," and Karen Horney's focus on the need for security
- Adler's "striving for superiority" refers to overcoming feelings of inferiority, while Horney's work emphasizes the need for security in childhood
- Horney identified three neurotic personality patterns: moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people
- Humanistic theories emphasize conscious free will and personal growth, developed in the 1960s by Maslow
- Maslow studied the lives of healthy and creative individuals to form his humanistic approach
Test your knowledge on social psychology concepts such as normative social influence, social facilitation, social loafing, and the Milgram Studies. Explore how individuals behave in group settings and the impact of authority figures on obedience.
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