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Questions and Answers
What is social psychology primarily concerned with?
What is social psychology primarily concerned with?
What does conformity entail?
What does conformity entail?
Which technique involves asking for a large commitment and then requesting a smaller one after refusal?
Which technique involves asking for a large commitment and then requesting a smaller one after refusal?
Which of the following best describes groupthink?
Which of the following best describes groupthink?
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What does the lowball technique involve?
What does the lowball technique involve?
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What is one key assumption behind the norm of reciprocity?
What is one key assumption behind the norm of reciprocity?
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How is obedience defined in social psychology?
How is obedience defined in social psychology?
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Which of the following techniques would likely be used to gain compliance by making an offer seem better?
Which of the following techniques would likely be used to gain compliance by making an offer seem better?
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What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
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Which term describes the first impression that tends to persist despite contradictory evidence?
Which term describes the first impression that tends to persist despite contradictory evidence?
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What is social categorization?
What is social categorization?
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In attribution theory, what does a dispositional cause refer to?
In attribution theory, what does a dispositional cause refer to?
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Which of the following best defines prejudice?
Which of the following best defines prejudice?
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What are the three components of love according to Sternberg's theory?
What are the three components of love according to Sternberg's theory?
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What does implicit personality theory involve?
What does implicit personality theory involve?
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What element is often missing from the less positive types of love?
What element is often missing from the less positive types of love?
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Which of the following best describes aggression?
Which of the following best describes aggression?
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What motivates individuals to reduce cognitive dissonance?
What motivates individuals to reduce cognitive dissonance?
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Which term describes a set of characteristics believed to be shared by a social category?
Which term describes a set of characteristics believed to be shared by a social category?
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Which biological factors can influence aggression?
Which biological factors can influence aggression?
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What is altruism?
What is altruism?
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What is the bystander effect?
What is the bystander effect?
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What is diffusion of responsibility?
What is diffusion of responsibility?
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Which factor is NOT associated with biological influences on aggression?
Which factor is NOT associated with biological influences on aggression?
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What is group polarization?
What is group polarization?
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What does social facilitation refer to?
What does social facilitation refer to?
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What are the three components of an attitude?
What are the three components of an attitude?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of attitude formation?
Which of the following is NOT a method of attitude formation?
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In the elaboration likelihood model, what does central-route processing involve?
In the elaboration likelihood model, what does central-route processing involve?
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What is a key factor in the persuasion process?
What is a key factor in the persuasion process?
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What characterizes social loafing?
What characterizes social loafing?
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Which of the following describes peripheral-route processing in persuasion?
Which of the following describes peripheral-route processing in persuasion?
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What is the primary factor associated with realistic conflict theory?
What is the primary factor associated with realistic conflict theory?
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What does social identity theory primarily explain?
What does social identity theory primarily explain?
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What is stereotype vulnerability?
What is stereotype vulnerability?
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Which of the following best describes 'scapegoating'?
Which of the following best describes 'scapegoating'?
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What role does proximity play in interpersonal attraction?
What role does proximity play in interpersonal attraction?
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Which statement accurately reflects the concept of 'reciprocity of liking'?
Which statement accurately reflects the concept of 'reciprocity of liking'?
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What does social cognitive theory attribute prejudice to?
What does social cognitive theory attribute prejudice to?
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Which forms of prejudice are explicitly mentioned?
Which forms of prejudice are explicitly mentioned?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology
- Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
- Social influence is the process through which the real or implied presence of others directly or indirectly impacts an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Conformity
- Conformity is changing one's own behaviour to match the behaviour of others.
Groupthink and Compliance
- Groupthink is a type of thinking where individuals prioritize maintaining group cohesiveness over critically evaluating the facts.
- Consumer psychology studies consumer habits, including compliance.
- Compliance is changing one's behaviour in response to direction or requests from others.
Four Ways to Gain Compliance
- Foot-in-the-door technique involves starting with a small request to gain compliance and then escalating to a larger request.
- Door-in-the-face technique involves making a large request, expecting it to be refused, and then making a smaller, more acceptable request.
- Norm of reciprocity suggests that if someone does something for you, you feel obligated to reciprocate.
- Lowball technique involves gaining a commitment from someone and then increasing the cost of that commitment.
- That's-not-all technique involves making an offer and adding extra incentives to make it more attractive before the other person can respond.
Obedience
- Obedience is changing one's behaviour at the command of an authority figure.
Social Loafing and Social Facilitation
- Group polarization is the tendency for group members to take more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions during group discussions compared to individuals who have not participated.
- Social facilitation is when the presence of others positively impacts performance on easy tasks.
- Social loafing is when individuals put in less effort when working with others in a group on a simple task.
Attitudes
- Attitude is a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a person, object, idea, or situation.
- Attitudes have affective (emotional), behavioural, and cognitive components.
Formation of Attitudes
- Attitudes are formed through direct contact, direct instruction from others, interactions with others holding similar attitudes, and vicarious conditioning (observing).
Persuasion
- Persuasion is the process of influencing another person's beliefs, opinions, positions, or actions through argument, pleading, or explanation.
- Key elements in persuasion include the source of the message, the message itself, and the target audience.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
- Central-route processing involves focusing on the content of the message.
- Peripheral route processing involves considering factors external to the message content, such as the source's appearance or message length.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance is mental discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
- Discomfort motivates people to engage in behaviors that minimize this dissonance.
Social Cognition and Impressions
- Social cognition involves the mental processes used to understand the social world.
- Impression formation is the creation of initial knowledge about another person.
- Primacy effect is when initial impressions are resistant to later information.
Social Cognition and Social Categorization
- Social categorization is assigning individuals to categories based on shared characteristics with previously encountered people.
- Stereotypes are sets of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a social category.
Attributions
- Attribution theory explains how people explain the actions of others.
- Situational cause attributes actions to external factors.
- Dispositional cause attributes actions to internal factors.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice is a negative attitude held about members of a specific social group.
- Discrimination is treating people differently based on prejudice.
- Types of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, and prejudice against those who are deemed too fat or too thin.
Realistic Conflict Theory and Scapegoating
- Realistic conflict theory states that group conflicts lead to increased prejudice and discrimination.
- Scapegoating is directing prejudice and discrimination toward out-group members who have less social power.
Stopping Prejudice
- Social cognitive theory views prejudice as an acquired attitude through direct instruction, modelling, and social influences.
- Social identity theory explains how a person's identity within a social group shapes behaviour through social categorization and comparison.
- Stereotype vulnerability is when individuals' awareness of stereotypes influences their behaviour.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy is when one's expectations impact their behaviour, making the expectation more likely to come true.
Attraction
- Interpersonal attraction is the desire for a relationship with another person.
- Proximity is having spatial closeness to another person.
- Similarity and complementarity are important factors in attraction.
- Reciprocity of liking is when people who like or admire others are more likely to be liked in return.
Love
- Love is a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, or common interests.
- Sternberg's triangular theory of love highlights intimacy, passion, and commitment as key components. Different types of love are combinations of these elements.
Aggression
- Aggression is intended behaviour designed to hurt or destroy another person.
- Biological factors influencing aggression include genes, amygdala activity, limbic system, testosterone levels, and serotonin.
- Social roles and influences, like violent media, can also influence aggression.
Altruism and Bystander Effect
- Prosocial behavior is socially desirable actions benefiting others.
- Altruism is prosocial behaviour without the expectation of reward.
- The bystander effect involves decreased likelihood of help when more people are present.
- Diffusion of responsibility is the reduced feeling of personal responsibility to act when others are present in a situation. Five steps to deciding to help others: notice, define emergency, take responsibility, plan course of action, take action.
Cults
- Cults often recruit people under stress, who are unhappy, unassertive, gullible, dependent, want to belong, and are idealistic.
- Young people are more likely to join cults than older people.
- Cults use strategies like love-bombing, isolation, rituals, and activities to prevent critical thinking and questioning.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of social psychology, including conformity, groupthink, and compliance. Understand how social influences shape individual thoughts and behaviors, as well as techniques like foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face to gain compliance. This quiz will test your knowledge of these critical social dynamics.