Social Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is social psychology primarily concerned with?

  • The study of individual behavior in isolation
  • The biological basis of mental processes
  • The psychological effects of physical health
  • How thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by others (correct)
  • What does conformity entail?

  • Making decisions solely based on personal desires
  • Avoiding group participation
  • Changing one's behavior to align with that of others (correct)
  • Acting independently of social influences
  • Which technique involves asking for a large commitment and then requesting a smaller one after refusal?

  • Lowball technique
  • Door-in-the-face technique (correct)
  • Norm of reciprocity
  • Foot-in-the-door technique
  • Which of the following best describes groupthink?

    <p>Prioritizing group cohesiveness over fact assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lowball technique involve?

    <p>First gaining a commitment then increasing the cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key assumption behind the norm of reciprocity?

    <p>If one person does something for another, there is an expectation of a return favor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is obedience defined in social psychology?

    <p>Changing behavior in response to an authority figure's command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques would likely be used to gain compliance by making an offer seem better?

    <p>That's-not-all technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?

    <p>Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the first impression that tends to persist despite contradictory evidence?

    <p>Primacy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social categorization?

    <p>Grouping new encounters based on past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In attribution theory, what does a dispositional cause refer to?

    <p>An internal factor affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines prejudice?

    <p>A negative attitude towards members of a specific group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of love according to Sternberg's theory?

    <p>Intimacy, passion, and commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does implicit personality theory involve?

    <p>Assumptions about relationships between traits and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is often missing from the less positive types of love?

    <p>Commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes aggression?

    <p>Behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates individuals to reduce cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Need for mental consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a set of characteristics believed to be shared by a social category?

    <p>Stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological factors can influence aggression?

    <p>Genetics and hormonal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is altruism?

    <p>Prosocial behavior conducted with a risk of harm to oneself and no expectation of reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bystander effect?

    <p>The phenomenon where people are less likely to help as the number of bystanders increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion of responsibility?

    <p>The phenomenon where individuals assume others will take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with biological influences on aggression?

    <p>Environmental triggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is group polarization?

    <p>The inclination for group discussions to lead to more extreme positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social facilitation refer to?

    <p>Enhanced task performance due to the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of an attitude?

    <p>Affective, behavioral, and cognitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of attitude formation?

    <p>Cognitive reassessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the elaboration likelihood model, what does central-route processing involve?

    <p>Attending to the content of the message itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the persuasion process?

    <p>The source of the message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes social loafing?

    <p>Reduced effort by individuals in a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes peripheral-route processing in persuasion?

    <p>Focusing on non-content factors, like appearance or message length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor associated with realistic conflict theory?

    <p>Conflict between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social identity theory primarily explain?

    <p>How individuals categorize themselves within social groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stereotype vulnerability?

    <p>The awareness of stereotypes affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'scapegoating'?

    <p>Targeting out-group members with little social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does proximity play in interpersonal attraction?

    <p>It creates opportunities for familiarity and liking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the concept of 'reciprocity of liking'?

    <p>People like others who reciprocate their feelings of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social cognitive theory attribute prejudice to?

    <p>Social influences and direct instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forms of prejudice are explicitly mentioned?

    <p>Ageism, sexism, and prejudice based on body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Psychology

    • Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
    • Social influence is the process through which the real or implied presence of others directly or indirectly impacts an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

    Conformity

    • Conformity is changing one's own behaviour to match the behaviour of others.

    Groupthink and Compliance

    • Groupthink is a type of thinking where individuals prioritize maintaining group cohesiveness over critically evaluating the facts.
    • Consumer psychology studies consumer habits, including compliance.
    • Compliance is changing one's behaviour in response to direction or requests from others.

    Four Ways to Gain Compliance

    • Foot-in-the-door technique involves starting with a small request to gain compliance and then escalating to a larger request.
    • Door-in-the-face technique involves making a large request, expecting it to be refused, and then making a smaller, more acceptable request.
    • Norm of reciprocity suggests that if someone does something for you, you feel obligated to reciprocate.
    • Lowball technique involves gaining a commitment from someone and then increasing the cost of that commitment.
    • That's-not-all technique involves making an offer and adding extra incentives to make it more attractive before the other person can respond.

    Obedience

    • Obedience is changing one's behaviour at the command of an authority figure.

    Social Loafing and Social Facilitation

    • Group polarization is the tendency for group members to take more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions during group discussions compared to individuals who have not participated.
    • Social facilitation is when the presence of others positively impacts performance on easy tasks.
    • Social loafing is when individuals put in less effort when working with others in a group on a simple task.

    Attitudes

    • Attitude is a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a person, object, idea, or situation.
    • Attitudes have affective (emotional), behavioural, and cognitive components.

    Formation of Attitudes

    • Attitudes are formed through direct contact, direct instruction from others, interactions with others holding similar attitudes, and vicarious conditioning (observing).

    Persuasion

    • Persuasion is the process of influencing another person's beliefs, opinions, positions, or actions through argument, pleading, or explanation.
    • Key elements in persuasion include the source of the message, the message itself, and the target audience.

    Elaboration Likelihood Model

    • Central-route processing involves focusing on the content of the message.
    • Peripheral route processing involves considering factors external to the message content, such as the source's appearance or message length.

    Cognitive Dissonance

    • Cognitive dissonance is mental discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
    • Discomfort motivates people to engage in behaviors that minimize this dissonance.

    Social Cognition and Impressions

    • Social cognition involves the mental processes used to understand the social world.
    • Impression formation is the creation of initial knowledge about another person.
    • Primacy effect is when initial impressions are resistant to later information.

    Social Cognition and Social Categorization

    • Social categorization is assigning individuals to categories based on shared characteristics with previously encountered people.
    • Stereotypes are sets of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a social category.

    Attributions

    • Attribution theory explains how people explain the actions of others.
    • Situational cause attributes actions to external factors.
    • Dispositional cause attributes actions to internal factors.

    Prejudice and Discrimination

    • Prejudice is a negative attitude held about members of a specific social group.
    • Discrimination is treating people differently based on prejudice.
    • Types of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, and prejudice against those who are deemed too fat or too thin.

    Realistic Conflict Theory and Scapegoating

    • Realistic conflict theory states that group conflicts lead to increased prejudice and discrimination.
    • Scapegoating is directing prejudice and discrimination toward out-group members who have less social power.

    Stopping Prejudice

    • Social cognitive theory views prejudice as an acquired attitude through direct instruction, modelling, and social influences.
    • Social identity theory explains how a person's identity within a social group shapes behaviour through social categorization and comparison.
    • Stereotype vulnerability is when individuals' awareness of stereotypes influences their behaviour.
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy is when one's expectations impact their behaviour, making the expectation more likely to come true.

    Attraction

    • Interpersonal attraction is the desire for a relationship with another person.
    • Proximity is having spatial closeness to another person.
    • Similarity and complementarity are important factors in attraction.
    • Reciprocity of liking is when people who like or admire others are more likely to be liked in return.

    Love

    • Love is a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, or common interests.
    • Sternberg's triangular theory of love highlights intimacy, passion, and commitment as key components. Different types of love are combinations of these elements.

    Aggression

    • Aggression is intended behaviour designed to hurt or destroy another person.
    • Biological factors influencing aggression include genes, amygdala activity, limbic system, testosterone levels, and serotonin.
    • Social roles and influences, like violent media, can also influence aggression.

    Altruism and Bystander Effect

    • Prosocial behavior is socially desirable actions benefiting others.
    • Altruism is prosocial behaviour without the expectation of reward.
    • The bystander effect involves decreased likelihood of help when more people are present.
    • Diffusion of responsibility is the reduced feeling of personal responsibility to act when others are present in a situation. Five steps to deciding to help others: notice, define emergency, take responsibility, plan course of action, take action.

    Cults

    • Cults often recruit people under stress, who are unhappy, unassertive, gullible, dependent, want to belong, and are idealistic.
    • Young people are more likely to join cults than older people.
    • Cults use strategies like love-bombing, isolation, rituals, and activities to prevent critical thinking and questioning.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of social psychology, including conformity, groupthink, and compliance. Understand how social influences shape individual thoughts and behaviors, as well as techniques like foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face to gain compliance. This quiz will test your knowledge of these critical social dynamics.

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