Social Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is a major outcome of programs designed to educate students about intervening in threats?

  • Over 50% reduction in unwanted sexual experiences (correct)
  • Increased rates of sexual assaults
  • Decrease in empathy among students
  • Lower student participation in seminars

What psychological concept is crucial for encouraging individuals to help others in need?

  • Empathy (correct)
  • Indifference
  • Self-centeredness
  • Aggression

Which factor enhances an individual's likelihood to help others?

  • Believing one has nothing to gain
  • A background in psychology
  • A high level of self-interest
  • Feeling a strong bond with family or friends (correct)

According to the content, what influences a person's willingness to engage in altruistic behavior?

<p>The urgency of the situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the seminars sponsored by the U.S. university over 25 years?

<p>Teaching students to recognize and respond to risks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common reaction among subjects when the learner expressed discomfort?

<p>They began to sweat and tremble. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what voltage did the learner first scream in pain and demand to be let out?

<p>150 volts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of subjects typically continued to administer shocks to the end of the experiment?

<p>65% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the experimenter play during the experiment?

<p>The authority figure encouraging continuation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the psychiatrists at Yale estimate the likelihood of participants obeying until the end?

<p>1 in 1000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response did the experimenter give when subjects expressed reluctance to continue?

<p>They were told that 'the experiment requires that you continue.' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred when the learner fell silent at 330 volts?

<p>Subjects were told a non-response was 'wrong.' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the demeanor of most subjects during the experiment?

<p>They showed signs of deep distress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social loafing refer to in a group context?

<p>The tendency of individuals to exert less effort in group tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of social facilitation?

<p>Individuals are more motivated and perform better on tasks they are skilled at when in the presence of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason students might dislike group projects?

<p>They generally prefer working on their own to learn better. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might groups produce poorer outcomes?

<p>When social loafing occurs among group members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emphasizes the importance of social norms in group behavior?

<p>Roles providing clarity in group functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates participants to conform to a perceived group norm in situations of normative compliance?

<p>The need for social approval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by participants changing their responses even when not being observed?

<p>Private compliance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, how do students generally feel about group assignments?

<p>Their opinions are mixed, with strong feelings on both sides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential advantage of working in groups on complex tasks?

<p>Groups can leverage a diversity of ideas to enhance creativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does uncertainty affect a person's vulnerability to social influence?

<p>It makes them more susceptible to conformity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about individual versus group behavior is commonly explored in social psychology?

<p>Group dynamics often lead to unique behaviors not exhibited by individuals alone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main problems associated with groupthink?

<p>Minimizing or ignoring possible problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors exemplifies groupthink?

<p>Avoiding arguments for the sake of harmony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens during a groupthink scenario?

<p>Members prioritize avoiding conflicts over rigorous analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do participants in Asch's studies often think when they conform to others' incorrect responses?

<p>They misunderstood something important (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if individuals prioritize agreement over critical questioning in a group?

<p>Possibly disastrous oversights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one likely outcome of social loafing in group activities?

<p>A small number of members do all the work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can encourage social loafing among group members?

<p>Perceived unimportance of individual contributions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can low efficacy beliefs contribute to social loafing?

<p>Members feel overwhelmed and unsure of where to start (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can help mitigate feelings of social loafing caused by perceived group failures?

<p>Clarifying group goals and fostering friendships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect can cause individuals to loaf in group settings?

<p>Underestimating their peers' efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is typically NOT associated with social loafing?

<p>Clear feedback on performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to social loafing, what is social facilitation?

<p>Improved performance influenced by the presence of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to overcome social loafing in groups?

<p>Provide individual feedback about group members’ progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Milgram obedience experiment primarily demonstrate?

<p>The power of authority in influencing behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were participants in Milgram's experiment instructed to do?

<p>Administer electric shocks to the learner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the maximum voltage participants could administer in the Milgram experiment?

<p>450 volts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the 'experimenter' play in the Milgram study?

<p>He provided instructions and encouragement to the teacher. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon is illustrated by the actions of ordinary individuals following orders in Milgram's experiment?

<p>Obedience to authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Milgram's findings, what misconception do people often have about themselves?

<p>They would reject harmful orders from authority figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable reaction did the learner exhibit in Milgram's study as shocks were administered?

<p>He expressed discomfort and grunted audibly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the historical significance of the obedience experiments?

<p>They spurred discussions about moral and ethical responsibilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Loafing

When an individual puts less effort into a task when working with others.

Social Facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when they are being observed by others.

Group Dynamics

The study of how individuals interact and behave within a group.

Social Norms

Implicit rules of behavior in social groups.

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Mimicry

Unconsciously imitating behaviors, mannerisms, and speech patterns of those around us.

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Group Work Advantages

Group projects can leverage individual strengths, allow for diverse perspectives, and achieve more complex outcomes.

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Group Work Disadvantages

Group projects can lead to social loafing, unequal effort distribution, and conflicts.

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Why study group dynamics?

Understanding group dynamics helps us better understand social behavior, predict group outcomes, and improve team performance.

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Low Efficacy Beliefs

Individuals believe a task is too difficult or complex, leading to reduced effort and motivation.

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Unimportant Individual Contribution

Individuals feel their work doesn't significantly impact the group's outcome, leading to reduced effort.

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Low Group Identification

Individuals lack a sense of belonging or value in the group, resulting in reduced effort.

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Perception of Others Loafing

Individuals observing others exert less effort in a group, leading to their own reduced effort.

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How do you Overcome Low Efficacy Beliefs?

Provide clear instructions, set deadlines, and give feedback to boost confidence and clarity.

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How do you Overcome Not Caring About Group Outcomes?

Clearly define group goals, encourage bonding and social interactions, and make tasks enjoyable and rewarding.

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Normative Compliance

Conforming to a group's perceived norms to be accepted and avoid social disapproval, even if you privately disagree.

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Private Compliance

Changing your beliefs or behavior to align with a group's influence, even when not directly observed, suggesting internalized acceptance.

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Groupthink

A decision-making process where group members strive for agreement, suppressing critical thinking, and potentially overlooking risks and problems.

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How does Groupthink affect problem-solving?

Groupthink can lead to ignoring potential problems and risks, focusing solely on the benefits and potential success of an idea.

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What are the consequences of Groupthink?

Groupthink can prevent a thorough evaluation of all aspects of a decision, leading to poor decisions and overlooking critical information.

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How can Groupthink be avoided?

Encouraging critical thinking, open discussion, and diverse perspectives can help avoid Groupthink and improve decision-making.

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What is the role of uncertainty in social influence?

People are more susceptible to social influence when they are unsure of the situation or lack confidence in their own judgment.

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How can social influence be overcome?

Individuals can resist social influence by developing confidence in their own judgment, seeking diverse perspectives, and being aware of potential biases.

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Obedience to Authority

The tendency to comply with the demands of an authority figure, even if it goes against one's own moral beliefs or values.

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Milgram Experiment

A series of psychological experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram in the 1960s, demonstrating the powerful influence of authority on obedience.

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Confederate

An individual in an experiment who is secretly working with the researchers, posing as a genuine participant.

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Effects of Punishment

The idea that punishment can be used to influence behavior, either positively or negatively.

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Voltage Levels

The strength of the electrical current administered in the Milgram experiment, increasing with each incorrect answer.

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Learner's Response

The reactions of the participant acting as the "learner" in the Milgram experiment, simulating pain and distress.

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Experimenter's Role

The authority figure in the Milgram experiment who provides instructions and encourages the teacher to continue administering shocks.

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Ethical Concerns

The ethical issues surrounding the potential harm and psychological distress caused to participants in the Milgram experiment.

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Bystander Intervention Programs

Programs aimed at reducing harmful behaviors like sexual assault by educating and encouraging people to intervene when they witness risky situations.

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Altruism

Helping others in need without expecting any reward or personal gain.

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Empathy and Helping

The ability to understand someone else's feelings and situation is strongly linked to helping behavior. People with higher empathy levels are more likely to offer assistance.

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Situational Factors in Helping

The urgency of a situation and the individual's perceived bond with those in need can influence their willingness to help.

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Individual Differences in Helping

Some people naturally feel more empathy than others, which can make them more likely to offer assistance. A strong sense of connection to family and friends also increases helping behavior.

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Learner's Distress

The increasing discomfort and pain expressed by the learner in Milgram's experiment, including pleading to be released and demonstrating signs of distress.

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Experimenter's Instructions

The directives given by the experimenter in Milgram's study, encouraging subjects to continue administering electric shocks despite the learner's protests.

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Subjects' Distress

The emotional responses experienced by the participants in the experiment, including anxiety, guilt, and conflict between following instructions and their moral conscience.

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Non-Response as Error

The experimenter's instruction that any silence or lack of response from the learner should be interpreted as an incorrect answer, requiring further shock.

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Estimated Obedience Rate

The predicted number of people who would fully obey the experimenter's instructions, based on the perception of sadism or psychopathy in the population.

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Actual Obedience Rate

The surprising result of Milgram's experiment, showing that a significant majority of subjects continued administering shocks despite the learner's distress and their own discomfort.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology

  • Behavior is a function of the person and the environment (B = f(P,E))
  • This challenges both Freudian theories (focus on the unconscious) and behaviorism (focus on the environment).
  • Humans are fundamentally social creatures.
  • Social environment significantly influences behavior.
  • Social norms dictate acceptable behavior in social contexts.
  • Norms vary based on age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
  • Mimicry is a key aspect of social interaction, often unconscious.
  • Mimicry helps coordinate behaviors and builds social connections.
  • Intentionally mimicking behavior can backfire.
  • Social roles are guidelines for behavior in specific social contexts.
  • Social roles can lead to rapid adaptation to new norms.
  • Social approval is a major motivator for conforming to social norms.
  • Ostracism (being excluded) creates strong social pressure to conform.
  • High need-to-belong participants conform more strongly to their group norms in response to ostracism.
  • Ostracism can lead to aggressive behaviors.
  • Social loafing is when individuals exert less effort in group settings due to perceived reduced individual importance or responsibility.
  • Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony or conformity within a group overrides the realistic evaluation of alternatives.
  • Group decisions are less likely to be thorough and could lead to poor outcomes.
  • Bystander effect suggests people are less likely to help others, especially in groups if others are present.
  • Diffusion of responsibility is a significant component of the bystander effect.
  • People are more likely to intervene when the situation is clear.

Obedience to Authority

  • Milgram's obedience experiments demonstrated the power of authority figures.
  • Subjects were more likely to obey an authority figure's instructions, even when those instructions involved harming another person.
  • The presence of an authority figure in a specific position can drastically influence the conformity of others, regardless of a conscious desire to obey.
  • Conformity is influenced by either normative (public compliance) or informational (private acceptance) pressure

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Social Psychology PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental principles of social psychology that drive human behavior. This quiz covers essential topics such as social norms, mimicry, and the impact of social roles on individual actions. Delve into how the social environment influences behavior and conformity.

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